Telematics system for vehicle diagnostics

ABSTRACT

Vehicle diagnostic system which diagnoses the state of the vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle and generates an output indicative or representative thereof. A communications device transmits the output of the diagnostic system to a remote location, possibly via a satellite or the Internet. The diagnostic system can include sensors mounted on the vehicle, each providing a measurement related to a state of the sensor or a measurement related to a state of the mounting location, and a processor coupled to the sensors and arranged to receive data from the sensors and process the data to generate the output indicative or representative of the state of the vehicle or its component. The processor may embody a pattern recognition algorithm trained to generate the output from the data received from the sensors and be arranged to control parts of the vehicle based on the output.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/753,186 filed Jan. 2, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,484,080,which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 09/137,918 filed Aug. 20, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,787, whichin turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/476,077 filed Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,437.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/079,065 filed Feb. 19, 2002 which in turn is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/765,558filed Jan. 19, 2001, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) ofU.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/231,378 filed Sep. 8,2000.

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S.provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/269,415 filed Feb. 16, 2001,U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/291,511 filed May 16,2001 and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/304,013 filedJul. 9, 2001 through U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/079,065 filedFeb. 19, 2002.

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/174,709 filed Jun. 19, 2002 and claims benefit ofprovisional application Ser. No. 60/269,415 filed Feb. 16, 2001.

All of the above-mentioned patents and applications are incorporated byreference herein in their entirety as if they had each been set forthherein in full.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for diagnosingcomponents in a vehicle and transmitting data relating to the diagnosisof the components in the vehicle and other information relating to theoperating conditions of the vehicle to one or more remote locationsdistant from the vehicle, i.e., via a telematics link.

The present invention also relates to systems and method for diagnosingthe state or condition of a vehicle, e.g., whether the vehicle is aboutto rollover or is experiencing a crash and whether the vehicle has acomponent which is operating abnormally and could possibly failresulting in a crash or severe handicap for the operator, andtransmitting data relating to the diagnosis of the components in thevehicle and optionally other information relating to the operatingconditions of the vehicle to one or more remote locations, i.e., via atelematics link.

The present invention further relates to methods and apparatus fordiagnosing components in a vehicle and determining the status ofoccupants in a vehicle and transmitting data relating to the diagnosisof the components in the vehicle, and optionally other informationrelating to the operating conditions of the vehicle, and data relatingto the occupants to one or more remote facilities such as a repairfacility and an emergency response station.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is now generally recognized that it is important to monitor theoccupancy of a passenger compartment of a vehicle. For example, U.S.Pat. No. 5,829,782 (Breed et al.) describes a vehicle interiormonitoring system that utilizes pattern recognition techniques andwave-receiving sensors to obtain information about the occupancy of thepassenger compartment and uses this information to affect the operationof one or more systems in the vehicle, including an occupant restraintdevice, an entertainment system, a heating and air-conditioning system,a vehicle communication system, a distress notification system, a lightfiltering system and a security system.

Of particular interest, Breed et al. mentions that the presence of achild in a rear facing child seat placed on the right front passengerseat may be detected as this has become an industry-wide concern toprevent deployment of an occupant restraint device in these situations.The U.S. automobile industry is continually searching for an easy,economical solution, which will prevent the deployment of the passengerside airbag if a rear facing child seat is present.

Another important aspect disclosed in Breed et al. relates to theoperation of the cellular communications system in conjunction with thevehicle interior monitoring system. Vehicles can be provided with astandard cellular phone as well as the Global Positioning System (GPS),an automobile navigation or location system with an optional connectionto a manned assistance facility. In the event of an accident, the phonemay automatically call 911 for emergency assistance and report the exactposition of the vehicle. If the vehicle also has a system as describedbelow for monitoring each seat location, the number and perhaps thecondition of the occupants could also be reported. In that way, theemergency service (EMS) would know what equipment and how manyambulances to send to the accident site. Moreover, a communicationchannel can be opened between the vehicle and a monitoringfacility/emergency response facility or personnel to determine how badlypeople are injured, the number of occupants in the vehicle, and toenable directions to be provided to the occupant(s) of the vehicle toassist in any necessary first aid prior to arrival of the emergencyassistance personnel.

Communications between a vehicle and a remote assistance facility arealso important for the purpose of diagnosing problems with the vehicleand forecasting problems with the vehicle, called prognostics. Motorvehicles contain complex mechanical systems that are monitored andregulated by computer systems such as electronic control units (ECUs)and the like. Such ECUs monitor various components of the vehicleincluding engine performance, carburation, speed/acceleration control,transmission, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), braking systems, etc.However, vehicles perform such monitoring typically only for the vehicledriver and without communication of any impending results, problemsand/or vehicle malfunction to a remote site for trouble-shooting,diagnosis or tracking for data mining.

In the past, systems that provide for remote monitoring did not providefor automated analysis and communication of problems or potentialproblems and recommendations to the driver. As a result, the vehicledriver or user is often left stranded, or irreparable damage occurs tothe vehicle as a result of neglect or driving the vehicle without theuser knowing the vehicle is malfunctioning until it is too late, such aslow oil level and a malfunctioning warning light, fan belt about tofail, failing radiator hose etc.

In this regard, U.S. Pat. No. 5,400,018 (Scholl et al.) describes asystem for relaying raw sensor output from an off road work siterelating to the status of a vehicle to a remote location over acommunications data link. The information consists of fault codesgenerated by sensors and electronic control modules indicating that afailure has occurred rather than forecasting a failure. The vehicle doesnot include a system for performing diagnosis. Rather, the raw sensordata is processed at an off-vehicle location in order to arrive at adiagnosis of the vehicle's operating condition. Bi-directionalcommunications are described in that a request for additionalinformation can be sent to the vehicle from the remote location with thevehicle responding and providing the requested information but no suchcommunication takes place with the vehicle operator and not of anoperator of a vehicle traveling on a road. Also, Scholl et al. does notteach the diagnostics of the problem or potential problem on the vehicleitself nor does it teach the automatic diagnostics or any prognostics.In Scholl et al. the determination of the problem occurs at the remotesite by human technicians.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,965 (Hagenbuch) describes an apparatus fordiagnosing the state of health of a vehicle and providing the operatorof the vehicle with a substantially real-time indication of theefficiency of the vehicle in performing as assigned task with respect toa predetermined goal. A processor in the vehicle monitors sensors thatprovide information regarding the state of health of the vehicle and theamount of work the vehicle has done. The processor records informationthat describes events leading up to the occurrence of an anomaly forlater analysis. The sensors are also used to prompt the operator tooperate the vehicle at optimum efficiency.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,942 (Slifkin et al.) describes a method formonitoring events in vehicles in which electrical outputs representativeof events in the vehicle are produced, the characteristics of one eventare compared with the characteristics of other events accumulated over agiven period of time and departures or variations of a given extent fromthe other characteristics are determined as an indication of asignificant event. A warning is sent in response to the indication,including the position of the vehicle as determined by a globalpositioning system on the vehicle. For example, for use with a railroadcar, a microprocessor responds to outputs of an accelerometer bycomparing acceleration characteristics of one impact with accumulatedacceleration characteristics of other impacts and determines departuresof a given magnitude from the other characteristics as a failureindication which gives rise of a warning.

Every automobile driver fears that his or her vehicle will breakdown atsome unfortunate time, e.g., when he or she is traveling at night,during rush hour, or on a long trip away from home. To help alleviatethat fear, certain luxury automobile manufacturers provide roadsideservice in the event of a breakdown. Nevertheless, unless the vehicle isequipped with OnStar® or an equivalent service, the vehicle driver muststill be able to get to a telephone to call for service. It is also afact that many people purchase a new automobile out of fear of abreakdown with their current vehicle. This invention is primarilyconcerned with preventing breakdowns and with minimizing maintenancecosts by predicting component failure that would lead to such abreakdown before it occurs.

When a vehicle component begins to fail, the repair cost is frequentlyminimal if the impending failure of the component is caught early, butincreases as the repair is delayed. Sometimes if a component in need ofrepair is not caught in a timely manner, the component, and particularlythe impending failure thereof, can cause other components of the vehicleto deteriorate. One example is where the water pump fails graduallyuntil the vehicle overheats and blows a head gasket. It is desirable,therefore, to determine that a vehicle component is about to fail asearly as possible so as to minimize the probability of a breakdown andthe resulting repair costs.

There are various gages on an automobile which alert the driver tovarious vehicle problems. For example, if the oil pressure drops belowsome predetermined level, the driver is warned to stop his vehicleimmediately. Similarly, if the coolant temperature exceeds somepredetermined value, the driver is also warned to take immediatecorrective action. In these cases, the warning often comes too late asmost vehicle gages alert the driver after he or she can convenientlysolve the problem. Thus, what is needed is a component failure warningsystem that alerts the driver to the impending failure of a componentsufficiently in advance of the time when the problem gets to acatastrophic point.

Some astute drivers can sense changes in the performance of theirvehicle and correctly diagnose that a problem with a component is aboutto occur. Other drivers can sense that their vehicle is performingdifferently but they don't know why or when a component will fail or howserious that failure will be, or possibly even what specific componentis the cause of the difference in performance. The invention disclosedherein will, in most cases, solve this problem by predicting componentfailures in time to permit maintenance and thus prevent vehiclebreakdowns.

Presently, automobile sensors in use are based on specific predeterminedor set levels, such as the coolant temperature or oil pressure, wherebyan increase above the set level or a decrease below the set level willactivate the sensor, rather than being based on changes in this levelover time. The rate at which coolant heats up, for example, can be animportant clue that some component in the cooling system is about tofail. There are no systems currently on automobiles to monitor thenumerous vehicle components over time and to compare componentperformance with normal performance. Nowhere in the vehicle is thevibration signal of a normally operating front wheel stored, forexample, or for that matter, any normal signal from any other vehiclecomponent. Additionally, there is no system currently existing on avehicle to look for erratic behavior of a vehicle component and to warnthe driver or the dealer that a component is misbehaving and istherefore likely to fail in the very near future.

Sometimes, when a component fails, a catastrophic accident results. Inthe Firestone tire case, for example, over 100 people were killed when atire of a Ford Explorer blew out which caused the Ford Explorer torollover. Similarly, other component failures can lead to loss ofcontrol of the vehicle and a subsequent accident. It is thus veryimportant to accurately forecast that such an event will take place butfurthermore, for those cases where the event takes place suddenlywithout warning, it is also important to diagnose the state of theentire vehicle, which in some cases can lead to automatic correctiveaction to prevent unstable vehicle motion or rollovers resulting in anaccident. Finally, an accurate diagnostic system for the entire vehiclecan determine much more accurately the severity of an automobile crashonce it has begun by knowing where the accident is taking place on thevehicle (e.g., the part of or location on the vehicle which is beingimpacted by an object) and what is colliding with the vehicle based on aknowledge of the force deflection characteristics of the vehicle at thatlocation. Therefore, in addition to a component diagnostic, theteachings of this invention also provide a diagnostic system for theentire vehicle prior to and during accidents. In particular, thisinvention is concerned with the simultaneous monitoring of multiplesensors on the vehicle so that the best possible determination of thestate of the vehicle can be determined. Current crash sensors operateindependently or at most one sensor may influence the threshold at whichanother sensor triggers a deployable restraint. In the teachings of thisinvention, two or more sensors, frequently accelerometers, are monitoredsimultaneously and the combination of the outputs of these multiplesensors are combined continuously in making the crash severity analysis.

Marko et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,976) is directed to a diagnosticsystem using pattern recognition for electronic automotive controlsystems and particularly for diagnosing faults in the engine of a motorvehicle after they have occurred. For example, Marko et al. isinterested in determining cylinder specific faults after the cylinder isoperating abnormally. More specifically, Marko et al. is directed todetecting a fault in a vehicular electromechanical system indirectly,i.e., by means of the measurement of parameters of sensors which areaffected by that system, and after that fault has already manifesteditself in the system. In order to form the fault detecting system, theparameters from these sensors are input to a pattern recognition systemfor training thereof Then known faults are introduced and the parametersfrom the sensors are inputted into the pattern recognition system withan indicia of the known fault. Thus, during subsequent operation, thepattern recognition system can determine the fault of theelectromechanical system based on the parameters of the sensors,assuming that the fault was “trained” into the pattern recognitionsystem and has already occurred.

When the electromechanical system is an engine, the parameters inputinto the pattern recognition system for training thereof, and used forfault detection during operation, all relate to the engine. (If theelectromechanical system is other than the engine, then the parametersinput into the pattern recognition system would relate to that system.)In other words, each parameter will be affected by the operation of theengine and depend thereon and changes in the operation of the enginewill alter the parameter, e.g., the manifold absolute pressure is anindication of the airflow into the engine. In this case, the signal fromthe manifold absolute pressure sensor may be indicative of a fault inthe intake of air into the engine, e.g., the engine is drawing in toomuch or too little air, and is thus affected by the operation of theengine. Similarly, the mass air flow is the airflow into the engine andis an alternative to the manifold absolute pressure. It is thus aparameter that is directly associated with, related to and dependent onthe engine. The exhaust gas oxygen sensor is also affected by theoperation of the engine, and thus directly associated therewith, sinceduring normal operation, the mixture of the exhaust gas is neither richor lean whereas during abnormal engine operation, the sensor will detectan abrupt change indicative of the mixture being too rich or too lean.

Thus, the system of Marko et al. is based on the measurement of sensorswhich affect or are affected by, i.e., are directly associated with, theoperation of the electromechanical system for which faults are to bedetected. However, the system of Marko et al. does not detect faults inthe sensors that are conducting the measurements, e.g., a fault in theexhaust gas oxygen sensor, or faults that are only developing but havenot yet manifested themselves or faults in other systems. Rather, thesensors are used to detect a fault in the system after it has occurred.

Asami et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,817,418) is directed to a failurediagnosis system for a vehicle including a failure display means fordisplaying failure information to a driver. This system only reportsfailures after they have occurred and does not predict them.

Tiernan et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,407) is directed, inter alia, to asystem for providing an exhaust active noise control system, i.e., anelectronic muffler system, including an input microphone 60 which sensesexhaust noise at a first location 61 in an exhaust duct 58. An enginehas exhaust manifolds 56,57 feeding exhaust air to the exhaust duct 58.The exhaust noise sensed by the microphone 60 is processed to obtain anoutput from an output speaker 65 arranged downstream of the inputmicrophone 61 in the exhaust path in order to cancel the noise in theexhaust duct 58.

Haramaty et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,502) describes a system thatmonitors a machine in a factory and notifies maintenance personnelremote from the machine (not the machine operator) that maintenanceshould be scheduled at a time when the machine is not in use. Haramatyet al. does not expressly relate to vehicular applications.

NASA Technical Support Package MFS-26529 “Engine Monitoring Based onNormalized Vibration Spectra”, describes a technique for diagnosingengine health using a neural network based system and is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

A paper “Using acoustic emission signals for monitoring of productionprocesses” by H. K. Tonshoff et al. also provides a good description ofhow acoustic signals can be used to predict the state of machine toolsand is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Based on the monitoring of vehicular components, systems and subsystemsas well as to the measurement of physical and chemical characteristicsrelating to the vehicle or its components, systems and subsystems, itbecomes possible to control and/or affect one or more vehicular system.

An important component or system which is monitored is the tires asfailure of one or more of the tires can often lead to a fatal accident.Indeed, tire monitoring is extremely important since NHTSA (NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration) has recently linked 148 deathsand more than 525 injuries in the United States to separations, blowoutsand other tread problems in Firestone's ATX, ATX II and Wilderness ATtires, 5 million of which were recalled in 2000. Many of the tires werestandard equipment on the Ford Explorer. Ford recommends that theFirestone tires on the Explorer sport utility vehicle be inflated to 26psi, while Firestone recommends 30 psi. It is surprising that a tire cango from a safe condition to an unsafe condition based on an underinflation of 4 psi.

Recent studies in the United States conducted by the Society ofAutomotive Engineers show that low tire pressure causes about 260,000accidents annually. Another finding is that about 75% of tire failureseach year are preceded by slow air leaks or inadequate tire inflation.Nissan, for example, warns that incorrect tire pressures can compromisethe stability and overall handling of a vehicle and can contribute to anaccident. Additionally, most non-crash auto fatalities occur whiledrivers are changing flat tires. Thus, tire failures are clearly aserious automobile safety problem that requires a solution.

About 16% of all car accidents are a result of incorrect tire pressure.Thus, effective pressure and wear monitoring is extremely important.Motor Trend magazine stated that one of the most overlooked maintenanceareas on a car is tire pressure. An estimated 40 to 80 percent of allvehicles on the road are operating with under-inflated tires. Whenunder-inflated, a tire tends to flex its sidewall more, increasing itsrolling resistance which decreases fuel economy. The extra flex alsocreates excessive heat in the tire that can shorten its service life.

The Society of Automotive Engineers reports that about 87 percent of allflat tires have a history of under-inflation. About 85% of pressure lossincidents are slow punctures caused either by small-diameter objectstrapped in the tire or by larger diameter nails. The leak will be minoras long as the nail is trapped. If the nail comes out, pressure candecrease rapidly. Incidents of sudden pressure loss are potentially themost dangerous for drivers and account for about 15% of all cases.

A properly inflated tire loses approximately 1 psi per month. Adefective time can lose pressure at a more rapid rate. About 35 percentof the recalled Bridgestone tires had improper repairs.

Research from a variety of sources suggests that under-inflation can besignificant to both fuel economy and tire life. Industry experts havedetermined that tires under-inflated by a mere 10% wear out about 15%faster. An average driver with an average set of tires can drive anextra 5,000 to 7,000 miles before buying new tires by keeping the tireproperly inflated.

The American Automobile Association has determined that under inflatedtires cut a vehicle's fuel economy by as much as 2% per psi below therecommended level. If each of a car's tires is supposed to have apressure of 30 psi and instead has a pressure of 25 psi, the car's fuelefficiency drops by about 10%. Depending on the vehicle and miles driventhat could cost from $100 to $500 a year.

The ability to control a vehicle is strongly influenced by tirepressure. When the tire pressure is kept at proper levels, optimumvehicle braking, steering, handling and stability are accomplished. Lowtire pressure can also lead to damage to both the tires and wheels.

A Michelin study revealed that the average driver doesn't recognize alow tire until it's 14 psi too low. One of the reasons is that today'sradial tire is hard to judge visually because the sidewall flexes evenwhen properly inflated.

Despite all the recent press about keeping tires properly inflated, newresearch shows that most drivers do not know the correct inflationpressure. In a recent survey, only 45 percent of respondents knew whereto look to find the correct pressure, even though 78 percent thoughtthey knew. Twenty-seven percent incorrectly believed the sidewall of thetire carries the correct information and did not know that the sidewallonly indicates the maximum pressure for the tire, not the optimumpressure for the vehicle. In another survey, about 60% of therespondents reported that they check tire pressure but only before goingon a long trip. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administrationestimates that at least one out of every five tires is not properlyinflated.

The problem is exacerbated with the new run-flat tires where a drivermay not be aware that a tire is flat until it is destroyed. Run-flattires can be operated at air pressures below normal for a limiteddistance and at a restricted speed (125 miles at a maximum of 55 mph).The driver must therefore be warned of changes in the condition of thetires so that she can adapt her driving to the changed conditions.

One solution to this problem is to continuously monitor the pressure andperhaps the temperature in the tire. Pressure loss can be automaticallydetected in two ways: by directly measuring air pressure within the tireor by indirect tire rotation methods. Various indirect methods are basedon the number of revolutions each tire makes over an extended period oftime through the ABS system and others are based on monitoring thefrequency changes in the sound emitted by the tire. In the directdetection case, a sensor is mounted into each wheel or tire assembly,each with its own identity. An on-board computer collects the signals,processes and displays the data and triggers a warning signal in thecase of pressure loss.

Under-inflation isn't the only cause of sudden tire failure. A varietyof mechanical problems including a bad wheel bearing or a “dragging”brake can cause the tire to heat up and fail. In addition, as may havebeen a contributing factor in the Firestone case, substandard materialscan lead to intra-tire friction and a buildup of heat. The use ofre-capped truck tires is another example of heat caused failure as aresult by intra-tire friction. An overheated tire can fail suddenlywithout warning.

As discussed in more detail below, tire monitors, such as thosedisclosed below, permit the driver to check the vehicle tire pressuresfrom inside the vehicle.

The Transportation Recall Enhancement Accountability and DocumentationAct, (H.R. 5164, or Public Law No. 106-414) known as the TREAD Act, wassigned by President Clinton on Nov. 1, 2000. Section 12, TIRE PRESSUREWARNING, states that: “Not later than one year after the date ofenactment of this Act, the Secretary of Transportation, acting throughthe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, shall complete arulemaking for a regulation to require a warning system in a motorvehicle to indicate to the operator when a tire is significantlyunder-inflated. Such requirement shall become effective not later than 2years after the date of the completion of such rulemaking.” Thus, it isexpected that a rule requiring continuous tire monitoring will takeeffect for the 2004 model year.

This law will dominate the first generation of such systems asautomobile manufacturers move to satisfy the requirement. In subsequentyears, more sophisticated systems that in addition to pressure willmonitor temperature, tire footprint, wear, vibration, etc. Although theAct requires that the tire pressure be monitored, it is believed by theinventors that other parameters are as important as the tire pressure oreven more important than the tire pressure as described in more detailbelow.

Consumers are also in favor of tire monitors. Johnson Controls' marketresearch showed that about 80 percent of consumers believe a low tirepressure warning system is an important or extremely important vehiclefeature. Thus, as with other safety products such as airbags,competition to meet customer demands will soon drive this market.

Although, as with most other safety products, the initial introductionswill be in the United States, speed limits in the United States andCanada are sufficiently low that tire pressure is not as critical anissue as in Europe, for example, where the drivers often drive muchfaster.

The advent of microelectromechanical (MEMS) pressure sensors, especiallythose based on surface acoustical wave (SAW) technology, has now madethe wireless and powerless monitoring of tire pressure feasible. This isthe basis of the tire pressure monitors described below. According to aFrost and Sullivan report on the U.S. Micromechanical Systems (MEMS)market (June 1997): “A MEMS tire pressure sensor represents one of themost profound opportunities for MEMS in the automotive sector.”

There are many wireless tire temperature and pressure monitoring systemsdisclosed in the prior art patents such as for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.4,295,102, 4,296,347, 4,317,372, 4,534,223, 5,289,160, 5,612,671,5,661,651, 5,853,020 and 5,987,980 and International Publication No. WO01/07271(A1), all of which are illustrative of the state of the art oftire monitoring and are incorporated by reference herein.

Devices for measuring the pressure and/or temperature within a vehicletire directly can be categorized as those containing electronic circuitsand a power supply within the tire, those which contain electroniccircuits and derive the power to operate these circuits eitherinductively, from a generator or through radio frequency radiation, andthose that do not contain electronic circuits and receive theiroperating power only from received radio frequency radiation. For thereasons discussed above, the discussion herein is mainly concerned withthe latter category. This category contains devices that operate on theprinciples of surface acoustic waves (SAW) and the disclosure below isconcerned primarily with such SAW devices.

International Publication No. WO 01/07271 describes a tire pressuresensor that replaces the valve and valve stem in a tire.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,827 contains a good description and background ofthe tire-monitoring problem. The device disclosed, however, contains abattery and electronics and is not a SAW device. Similarly, the devicedescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,189 contains a battery as do thedevices described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,335,540 and 5,559,484. U.S. Pat.No. 5,945,908 applies to a stationary tire monitoring system and doesnot use SAW devices.

One of the first significant SAW sensor patents is U.S. Pat. No.4,534,223. This patent describes the use of SAW devices for measuringpressure and also a variety of methods for temperature compensation butdoes not mention wireless transmission.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,980 describes a tire valve assembly using a SAWpressure transducer in conjunction with a sealed cavity. This patentdoes disclose wireless transmission. The assembly includes a powersupply and thus this also distinguishes it from a preferred system ofthis invention. It is not a SAW system and thus the antenna forinterrogating the device in this design must be within one meter, whichis closer than needed for a preferred device of this invention.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,786 relates to the sensors and is primarilyconcerned with the design of electronic circuits in an interrogator.U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,952 also describes circuitry for use in theinterrogator to be used with SAW devices. In neither of these patents isthe concept of using a SAW device in a wireless tire pressure monitoringsystem described. These patents also do not describe including anidentification code with the temperature and/or pressure measurements inthe sensors and devices.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,729 describes circuitry for use with an interrogatorin order to obtain more precise measurements of the changes in the delaycaused by the physical or chemical property being measured by the SAWdevice. Similar comments apply to U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,167. Other relatedprior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,017.

Other patents disclose the placement of an electronic device in thesidewall or opposite the tread of a tire but they do not disclose eitheran accelerometer or a surface acoustic wave device. In most cases, thedisclosed system has a battery and electronic circuits.

One method of measuring pressure that is applicable to this invention isdisclosed in V. V. Varadan, Y. R. Roh and V. K. Varadan “Local/GlobalSAW Sensors for Turbulence”, IEEE 1989 Ultrasonics Symposium p. 591-594makes use of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film tomeasure pressure. Mention is made in this article that otherpiezoelectric materials can also be used. Experimental results are givenwhere the height of a column of oil is measured based on the pressuremeasured by the piezoelectric film used as a SAW device. In particular,the speed of the surface acoustic wave is determined by the pressureexerted by the oil on the SAW device. For the purposes of the instantinvention, air pressure can also be measured in a similar manner byfirst placing a thin layer of a rubber material onto the surface of theSAW device which serves as a coupling agent from the air pressure to theSAW surface. In this manner, the absolute pressure of a tire, forexample, can be measured without the need for a diaphragm and referencepressure greatly simplifying the pressure measurement. Other examples ofthe use of PVDF film as a pressure transducer can be found in U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,577,510 and 5,341,687, which are incorporated by referenceherein, although they are not used as SAW devices.

The following U.S. patents provide relevant information to thisinvention, and to the extent necessary, all of them are incorporated byreference herein: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,361,026, 4,620,191, 4,7033,27,4,724,443, 4,725,841, 4,734,698, 5,691,698, 5,841,214, 6,060,815,6,107,910, 6,114,971, 6,144,332.

In recent years, SAW devices have been used as sensors in a broadvariety of applications. Compared with sensors utilizing alternativetechnologies, SAW sensors possess outstanding properties, such as highsensitivity, high resolution, and ease of manufacturing bymicroelectronic technologies. However, the most attractive feature ofSAW sensors is that they can be interrogated wirelessly.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, a diagnosis of the “state of the vehicle” means adiagnosis of the condition of the vehicle with respect to its stabilityand proper running and operating condition. Thus, the state of thevehicle could be normal when the vehicle is operating properly on ahighway or abnormal when, for example, the vehicle is experiencingexcessive angular inclination (e.g., two wheels are off the ground andthe vehicle is about to rollover), the vehicle is experiencing a crash,the vehicle is skidding, and other similar situations. A diagnosis ofthe state of the vehicle could also be an indication that one of theparts of the vehicle, e.g., a component, system or subsystem, isoperating abnormally.

As used herein, an “occupant restraint device” includes any type ofdevice which is deployable in the event of a crash involving the vehiclefor the purpose of protecting an occupant from the effects of the crashand/or minimizing the potential injury to the occupant. Occupantrestraint devices thus include frontal airbags, side airbags, seatbelttensioners, knee bolsters, side curtain airbags, externally deployableairbags and the like.

As used herein, a “part” of the vehicle includes any component, sensor,system or subsystem of the vehicle such as the steering system, brakingsystem, throttle system, navigation system, airbag system, seatbeltretractor, air bag inflation valve, air bag inflation controller andairbag vent valve, as well as those listed below in the definitions of“component” and “sensor”.

As used herein, a “sensor system” includes any of the sensors listedbelow in the definition of “sensor” as well as any type of component orassembly of components which detect, sense or measure something.

The term “gage” as used herein interchangeably with the terms “sensor”and “sensing device”.

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below and unlessspecifically noted, it is the applicants' intention that the words andphrases in the specification and claims be given the ordinary andaccustomed meaning to those of ordinary skill in the applicable art(s).If the applicant intends any other meaning, he will specifically statehe is applying a special meaning to a word or phrase.

Likewise, applicants' use of the word “function” here is not intended toindicate that the applicants seek to invoke the special provisions of 35U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, to define their invention. To thecontrary, if applicants wish to invoke the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, to define their invention, they will specificallyset forth in the claims the phrases “means for” or “step for” and afunction, without also reciting in that phrase any structure, materialor act in support of the function. Moreover, even if applicants invokethe provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, to define theirinvention, it is the applicants' intention that their inventions not belimited to the specific structure, material or acts that are describedin the preferred embodiments herein. Rather, if applicants claim theirinventions by specifically invoking the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112,sixth paragraph, it is nonetheless their intention to cover and includeany and all structure, materials or acts that perform the claimedfunction, along with any and all known or later developed equivalentstructures, materials or acts for performing the claimed function.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improvedmethod and system for diagnosing components in a vehicle and theoperating status of the vehicle and alerting the vehicle's dealer, oranother repair facility, via a telematics link that a component of thevehicle is functioning abnormally and may be in danger of failing.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a new andimproved method and apparatus for obtaining information about a vehiclesystem and components in the vehicle in conjunction with failure of thecomponent or the vehicle and sending this information to the vehiclemanufacturer.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improvedmethod and system for diagnosing components in a vehicle by monitoringthe patterns of signals emitted from the vehicle components and, throughthe use of pattern recognition technology, forecasting componentfailures before they occur. Vehicle component behavior is thus monitoredover time in contrast to systems that wait until a serious conditionoccurs. The forecast of component failure can be transmitted to a remotelocation via a telematics link.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a new andimproved on-board vehicle diagnostic module utilizing patternrecognition technologies which are trained to differentiate normal fromabnormal component behavior. The diagnosis of component behavior can betransmitted to a remote location via a telematics link.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide adiagnostic module that determines whether a component is operatingnormally or abnormally based on a time series of data from a singlesensor or from multiple sensors that contain a pattern indicative of theoperating status of the component. The diagnosis of component operationcan be transmitted to a remote location via a telematics link.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide adiagnostic module that determines whether a component is operatingnormally or abnormally based on data from one or more sensors that arenot directly associated with the component, i.e., do not depend on theoperation of the component. The diagnosis of component operation can betransmitted to a remote location via a telematics link.

It is an additional object of the present invention to simultaneouslymonitor several sensors, primarily accelerometers, gyroscopes and straingages, to determine the state of the vehicle and optionally itsoccupants and to determine that a vehicle is out of control and possiblyheaded for an accident, for example. If so, then a signal can be sent toa part of the vehicle control system to attempt to re-establishstability. If this is unsuccessful, then the same system of sensors canmonitor the early stages of a crash to make an assessment of theseverity of the crash and what occupant protection systems should bedeployed and how such occupant protection systems should be deployed.

Another object of the invention to provide new and improved sensors fora vehicle which wirelessly transmits information about a state measuredor detected by the sensor.

It is another object of the invention to incorporate surface acousticwave technology into sensors on a vehicle with the data obtained by thesensors being transmittable via a telematics link to a remote location.

It is another object of the invention to provide new and improvedsensors for measuring the pressure, temperature and/or acceleration oftires with the data obtained by the sensors being transmittable via atelematics link to a remote location.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide new and improvedweight or load measuring sensors, switches, temperature sensors,acceleration sensors, angular position sensors, angular rate sensors,angular acceleration sensors, proximity sensors, rollover sensors,occupant presence and position sensors, strain sensors and humiditysensors which utilize wireless data transmission, wireless powertransmission, and/or surface acoustic wave technology with the dataobtained by the sensors being transmittable via a telematics link to aremote location.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide new andimproved sensors for detecting the presence of fluids or gases whichutilize wireless data transmission, wireless power transmission, and/orsurface acoustic wave technology with the data obtained by the sensorsbeing transmittable via a telematics link to a remote location.

Yet another object of the present invention to provide new and improvedsensors for detecting the condition or friction of a road surface whichutilize wireless data transmission, wireless power transmission, and/orsurface acoustic wave technology with the data obtained by the sensorsbeing transmittable via a telematics link to a remote location.

Still another object of the present invention to provide new andimproved sensors for detecting chemicals which utilize wireless datatransmission, wireless power transmission, and/or surface acoustic wavetechnology with the data obtained by the sensors being transmittable viaa telematics link to a remote location.

It is another object of the invention to utilize any of the foregoingsensors for a vehicular component control system in which a component,system or subsystem in the vehicle is controlled based on theinformation provided by the sensor. Additionally, the informationprovided by the sensor can be transmitted via a telematics link to oneor more remote facilities for further analysis.

A more general object of the invention is to provide new and improvedsensors which obtain and provide information about the vehicle, aboutindividual components, systems, vehicle occupants, subsystems, or aboutthe roadway, ambient atmosphere, travel conditions and external objectswith the data obtained by the sensors being transmittable via atelematics link to a remote location.

Accordingly to achieve one or more of the above objects, a vehicle inaccordance with the invention comprises a diagnostic system arranged todiagnose the state of the vehicle or the state of a component of thevehicle and generate an output indicative or representative thereof anda communications device coupled to the diagnostic system and arranged totransmit the output of the diagnostic system. The diagnostic system maycomprise a plurality of vehicle sensors mounted on the vehicle, eachsensor providing a measurement related to a state of the sensor or ameasurement related to a state of the mounting location, and a processorcoupled to the sensors and arranged to receive data from the sensors andprocess the data to generate the output indicative or representative ofthe state of the vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle. Thesensors may be wirelessly coupled to the processor and arranged atdifferent locations on the vehicle. The processor may embody a patternrecognition algorithm trained to generate the output from the datareceived from the sensors, such as a neural network, fuzzy logic, sensorfusion and the like, and be arranged to control one or more parts of thevehicle based on the output indicative or representative of the state ofthe vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle. The state of thevehicle can include angular motion of the vehicle.

A display may be arranged in the vehicle in a position to be visiblefrom the passenger compartment. Such as display is coupled to thediagnostic system and arranged to display the diagnosis of the state ofthe vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle.

A warning device may also be coupled to the diagnostic system forrelaying a warning to an occupant of the vehicle relating to the stateof the vehicle or the state of the component of the vehicle as diagnosedby the diagnostic system.

The communications device may comprise a cellular telephone systemincluding an antenna as well as other similar or different electronicequipment capable of transmitting a signal to a remote location,optionally via a satellite. Transmission via the Internet, i.e., to aweb site or host computer associated with the remote location is also apossibility for the invention. If the vehicle is considered it sownsite, then the transmission would be a site-to-site transmission via theInternet.

An occupant sensing system can be provided to determine at least oneproperty or characteristic of occupancy of the vehicle. In this case,the communications device is coupled to the occupant sensing system andtransmits the determined property or characteristic of occupancy of thevehicle.

In a similar manner, at least one environment sensor can be provided,each sensing a state of the environment around the vehicle. In thiscase, the communications device is coupled to the environment sensor(s)and transmits the sensed state of the environment around the vehicle.

Moreover, a location determining system, optionally incorporating GPStechnology, could be provided on the vehicle to determine the locationof the vehicle and transmitted to the remote location along with thediagnosis of the state of the vehicle or its component.

A memory unit may be coupled to the diagnostic system and thecommunications device. The memory unit receives the diagnosis of thestate of the vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle from thediagnostic system and stores the diagnosis. The communications devicethen interrogates the memory unit to obtain the stored diagnosis toenable transmission thereof, e.g., at periodic intervals.

The sensors may be any known type of sensor including, but not limitedto, a single axis acceleration sensor, a double axis accelerationsensor, a triaxial acceleration sensor and a gyroscope. The sensors mayinclude an RFID response unit and an RFID interrogator device whichcauses the RFID response units to transmit a signal representative ofthe measurement of the associated sensor to the processor. In additionto or instead or an RFID-based system, one or more SAW sensors can bearranged on the vehicle, each receiving a signal and returning a signalmodified by virtue of the state of the sensor or the state of themounting location of the sensor. For example, the SAW sensor can measuretemperature and/or pressure of a component of the vehicle or in acertain location or space on the vehicle, or the concentration and/orpresence of a chemical

A method for monitoring a vehicle comprises diagnosing the state of thevehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle by means of adiagnostic system arranged on the vehicle, generating an outputindicative or representative of the diagnosed state of the vehicle orthe diagnosed state of the component of the vehicle, and transmittingthe output to a remote location. Transmission of the output to a remotelocation may entail arranging a communications device comprising acellular telephone system including an antenna on the vehicle. Theoutput may be to a satellite for transmission from the satellite to theremote location. The output could also be transmitted via the Internetto a web site or host computer associated with the remote location.

It is important to note that raw sensor data is not transmitted from thevehicle the remote location for analysis and processing by the devicesand/or personnel at the remote location. Rather, in accordance with theinvention, a diagnosis of the vehicle or the vehicle component isperformed on the vehicle itself and this resultant diagnosis istransmitted.

The diagnosis of the state of the vehicle may encompass determiningwhether the vehicle is stable or is about to rollover or skid and/ordetermining a location of an impact between the vehicle and anotherobject.

A display may be arranged in the vehicle in a position to be visiblefrom the passenger compartment in which case, the state of the vehicleor the state of a component of the vehicle is displayed thereon.Further, a warning can be relayed to an occupant of the vehicle relatingto the state of the vehicle.

In addition to the transmission of vehicle diagnostic informationobtained by analysis of data from sensors performed on the vehicle, atleast one property or characteristic of occupancy of the vehicle may bedetermined (such as the number of occupants, the status of theoccupants-breathing or not, injured or not, etc.) and transmitted to aremote location, the same or a different remote location to which thediagnostic information is sent. The information can also be sent in adifferent manner than the information relating to the diagnosis of thevehicle.

Additional information for transmission by the components on the vehiclemay include a state of the environment around the vehicle, for example,the temperature, pressure, humidity, etc. in the vicinity of thevehicle, and the location of the vehicle.

A memory unit may be provided in the vehicle, possibly as part of amicroprocessor, and arranged to receive the diagnosis of the state ofthe vehicle or the state of the component of the vehicle and store thediagnosis. As such, this memory unit can be periodically interrogated toobtain the stored diagnosis to enable transmission thereof.

Diagnosis of the state of the vehicle or the state of the component ofthe vehicle may entail mounting a plurality of sensors on the vehicle,measuring a state of each sensor or a state of the mounting location ofeach sensor and diagnosing the state of the vehicle or the state of acomponent of the vehicle based on the measurements of the state of thesensors or the state of the mounting locations of the sensors. Thesefunctions can be achieved by a processor which is wirelessly coupled tothe sensors.

The sensors can optionally be provided with RFID technology, i.e., anRFID response unit, whereby an RFID interrogator device is mounted onthe vehicle and signals transmitted via the RFID interrogator devicecauses the RFID response units of any properly equipped sensors totransmit a signal representative of the measurements of that sensor tothe processor.

SAW sensors can also be used, in addition to or instead of RFID-basedsensors.

One embodiment of the diagnostic module in accordance with the inventionutilizes information which already exists in signals emanating fromvarious vehicle components along with sensors which sense these signalsand, using pattern recognition techniques, compares these signals withpatterns characteristic of normal and abnormal component performance topredict component failure, vehicle instability or a crash earlier thanwould otherwise occur if the diagnostic module was not utilized. Iffully implemented, this invention is a total diagnostic system of thevehicle. In most implementations, the module is attached to the vehicleand electrically connected to the vehicle data bus where it analyzesdata appearing on the bus to diagnose components of the vehicle. In someimplementations, multiple distributed accelerometers and/or microphonesare present on the vehicle and, in some cases, some of the sensors willcommunicate using wireless technology to the vehicle bus or directly tothe diagnostic module.

Principal objects and advantages of this invention or other inventionsdisclosed herein are thus:

1. To prevent vehicle breakdowns.

2. To alert the driver of the vehicle that a component of the vehicle isfunctioning differently than normal and might be in danger of failing.

3 To alert the dealer, or other repair facility, that a component of thevehicle is functioning differently than normal and is in danger offailing.

4. To provide an early warning of a potential component failure and tothereby minimize the cost of repairing or replacing the component.

5. To provide a device which will capture available information fromsignals emanating from vehicle components for a variety of uses such ascurrent and future vehicle diagnostic purposes.

6. To provide a device that uses information from existing sensors fornew purposes thereby increasing the value of existing sensors and, insome cases, eliminating the need for sensors that provide redundantinformation.

7. To provide a device which is trained to recognize deterioration inthe performance of a vehicle component, or of the entire vehicle, basedon information in signals emanating from the component or from vehicleangular and linear accelerations.

8. To provide a device which analyzes vibrations from various vehiclecomponents that are transmitted through the vehicle structure and sensedby existing vibration sensors such as vehicular crash sensors used withairbag systems or by special vibration sensors, accelerometers, orgyroscopes.

9. To provide a device which provides information to the vehiclemanufacturer of the events leading to a component failure.

10. To apply pattern recognition techniques based on training todiagnosing potential vehicle component failures.

11. To apply component diagnostic techniques in combination withintelligent or smart highways wherein vehicles may be automaticallyguided without manual control in order to permit the orderly exiting ofthe vehicle from a restricted roadway prior to a breakdown of thevehicle.

12. To apply trained pattern recognition techniques using multiplesensors to provide an early prediction of the existence and severity ofan accident.

13. To utilize pattern recognition techniques and the output frommultiple sensors to determine at an early stage that a vehicle rollovermight occur and to take corrective action through control of the vehicleacceleration, brakes and steering to prevent the rollover or if it ispreventable, to deploy side head protection airbags to reduce theinjuries.

14. To use the output from multiple sensors to determine that thevehicle is skidding or sliding and to send messages to the variousvehicle control systems to activate the throttle, brakes and/or steeringto correct for the vehicle sliding or skidding motion.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following description of the preferred embodimentstaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings are illustrative of embodiments of the systemdeveloped or adapted using the teachings of this invention and are notmeant to limit the scope of the invention as encompassed by the claims.

FIG. 1 is a side view with parts cutaway and removed of a vehicleshowing the passenger compartment containing a rear facing child seat onthe front passenger seat and a preferred mounting location for anoccupant and rear facing child seat presence detector.

FIG. 2 is a side view with parts cutaway and removed showingschematically the interface between the vehicle interior monitoringsystem of this invention and the vehicle cellular communication system.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of one exemplifying embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a carbon dioxide SAW sensor for mountingin the trunk lid for monitoring the inside of the trunk for detectingtrapped children or animals.

FIG. 4A is a detailed view of the SAW carbon dioxide sensor of FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a generalized component withseveral signals being emitted and transmitted along a variety of paths,sensed by a variety of sensors and analyzed by the diagnostic module inaccordance with the invention and for use in a method in accordance withthe invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic of one pattern recognition methodology known as aneural network which may be used in a method in accordance with theinvention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a vehicle with several components and severalsensors and a total vehicle diagnostic system in accordance with theinvention utilizing a diagnostic module in accordance with the inventionand which may be used in a method in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of information flowing from various sensorsonto the vehicle data bus and thereby into the diagnostic module inaccordance with the invention with outputs to a display for notifyingthe driver, and to the vehicle cellular phone for notifying anotherperson, of a potential component failure.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of the methods for automatically monitoring avehicular component in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the components used in themethods for automatically monitoring a vehicular component.

FIG. 11 is a schematic of a vehicle with several accelerometers and/orgyroscopes at preferred locations in the vehicle.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of overall telematics system in accordancewith the invention.

FIG. 13A is a partial cutaway view of a tire pressure monitor using anabsolute pressure measuring SAW device.

FIG. 13B is a partial cutaway view of a tire pressure monitor using adifferential pressure measuring SAW device.

FIG. 14 is a partial cutaway view of an interior SAW tire temperatureand pressure monitor mounted onto and below the valve stem.

FIG. 14A is a sectioned view of the SAW tire pressure and temperaturemonitor of FIG. 14 incorporating an absolute pressure SAW device.

FIG. 14B is a sectioned view of the SAW tire pressure and temperaturemonitor of FIG. 14 incorporating a differential pressure SAW device.

FIG. 15 is a view of an accelerometer-based tire monitor alsoincorporating a SAW pressure and temperature monitor and cemented to theinterior of the tire opposite the tread.

FIG. 15A is a view of an accelerometer-based tire monitor alsoincorporating a SAW pressure and temperature monitor and inserted intothe tire opposite the tread during manufacture.

FIG. 16 is a detailed view of a polymer on SAW pressure sensor.

FIG. 16A is a view of a SAW temperature and pressure monitor on a singleSAW device.

FIG. 16B is a view of an alternate design of a SAW temperature andpressure monitor on a single SAW device.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a SAW temperature sensor.

FIG. 17A is a perspective view of a device that can provide twomeasurements of temperature or one of temperature and another of someother physical or chemical property such as pressure or chemicalconcentration.

FIG. 17B is a top view of an alternate SAW device capable of determiningtwo physical or chemical properties such as pressure and temperature.

FIGS. 18 and 18A are views of a prior art SAW accelerometer that can beused for the tire monitor assembly of FIG. 15.

FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C, 19D and 19E are views of occupant seat weightsensors using a slot spanning SAW strain gage and other strainconcentrating designs.

FIG. 20A is a view of a view of a SAW switch sensor for mounting on orwithin a surface such as a vehicle armrest.

FIG. 20B is a detailed perspective view of the device of FIG. 20A withthe force-transmitting member rendered transparent.

FIG. 20C is a detailed perspective view of an alternate SAW device foruse in FIGS. 20A and 20B showing the use of one of two possibleswitches, one that activates the SAW and the other that suppresses theSAW.

FIG. 21A is a detailed perspective view of a polymer and mass on SAWaccelerometer for use in crash sensors, vehicle navigation, etc.

FIG. 21B is a detailed perspective view of a normal mass on SAWaccelerometer for use in crash sensors, vehicle navigation, etc.

FIG. 22 is a view of a prior art SAW gyroscope that can be used withthis invention.

FIGS. 23A, 23B and 23C are a block diagrams of three interrogators thatcan be used with this invention to interrogate several differentdevices.

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a SAW antenna system adapted formounting underneath a vehicle and for communicating with the fourmounted tires.

FIG. 24A is a detail view of an antenna system for use in the system ofFIG. 24.

FIG. 25 is an overhead view of a roadway with vehicles and a SAW roadtemperature and humidity monitoring sensor.

FIG. 25A is a detail drawing of the monitoring sensor of FIG. 25.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a SAW system for locating a vehicle ona roadway, and on the earth surface if accurate maps are available. Italso illustrates the use of a SAW transponder in the license plate forthe location of preceding vehicles and preventing rear end impacts.

FIG. 27 is a partial cutaway view of a section of a fluid reservoir witha SAW fluid pressure and temperature sensor for monitoring oil, water,or other fluid pressure.

FIG. 28 is a perspective view of a vehicle suspension system with SAWload sensors.

FIG. 28A is a cross section detail view of a vehicle spring and shockabsorber system with a SAW torque sensor system mounted for measuringthe stress in the vehicle spring of the suspension system of FIG. 28.

FIG. 28B is a detail view of a SAW torque sensor and shaft compressionsensor arrangement for use with the arrangement of FIG. 28.

FIG. 29 is a cutaway view of a vehicle showing possible mountinglocations for vehicle interior temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide, alcohol or other chemical or physical propertymeasuring sensors.

FIG. 30A is a perspective view of a SAW tilt sensor using four SAWassemblies for tilt measurement and one for temperature.

FIG. 30B is a top view of a SAW tilt sensor using three SAW assembliesfor tilt measurement each one of which can also measure temperature.

FIG. 31 is a perspective exploded view of a SAW crash sensor for sensingfrontal, side or rear crashes.

FIG. 32 is a partial cutaway view of a piezoelectric generator and tiremonitor using PVDF film.

FIG. 32A is a cutaway view of the PVDF sensor of FIG. 32.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view with portions cutaway of a SAW basedvehicle gas gage.

FIG. 33A is a top detailed view of a SAW pressure and temperaturemonitor for use in the system of FIG. 33.

FIG. 34 is a partial cutaway view of a vehicle drives wearing a seatbeltwith SAW force sensors.

FIG. 35 is an alternate arrangement of a SAW tire pressure andtemperature monitor installed in the wheel rim facing inside.

FIG. 36A is a schematic of a prior art deployment scheme for an airbagmodule.

FIG. 36B is a schematic of a deployment scheme for an airbag module inaccordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As noted above, the invention relates generally to telematics and thetransmission of information from a vehicle to one or more remote siteswhich can react to the position or status of the vehicle or occupant(s)therein.

Initially, sensing of the occupancy of the vehicle and the optionaltransmission of this information, which may include images, to remotelocations will be discussed. This entails obtaining information fromvarious sensors about the occupants in the passenger compartment of thevehicle, e.g., the number of occupants, their type and their motion, ifany. Thereafter, a discussion of general vehicle diagnostic methods willbe discussed with the diagnosis being transmittable via a communicationsdevice to the remote locations. Finally, an extensive discussion ofvarious sensors for use on the vehicle to sense different operatingparameters and conditions of the vehicle is provided. All of the sensorsdiscussed herein can be coupled to a communications device enablingtransmission of data, signals and/or images to the remote locations, andreception of the same from the remote locations.

Referring to the accompanying drawings wherein the same referencenumerals refer to the same or similar elements, FIG. 1 is a side view,with parts cutaway and removed of a vehicle showing the passengercompartment containing a rear facing child seat 610 on a front passengerseat 620 and one mounting location for a first embodiment of a vehicleinterior monitoring system in accordance with the invention. Theinterior monitoring system is capable of detecting the presence of anobject, determining the type of object, determining the location of theobject, and/or determining another property or characteristic of theobject. A property of the object could be the orientation of a childseat, the velocity of an adult and the like. For example, the vehicleinterior monitoring system can determine that an object is present onthe seat, that the object is a child seat and that the child seat isrear-facing. The vehicle interior monitoring system could also determinethat the object is an adult, that he is drunk and that he is out ofposition relative to the airbag.

In this embodiment, six transducers 631, 632, 633, 640, 641 and 646 areused, although any number of transducers may be used. Each transducer631, 632, 633, 640, 641, 646 may comprise only a transmitter whichtransmits energy, waves or radiation, only a receiver which receivesenergy, waves or radiation, both a transmitter and a receiver capable oftransmitting and receiving energy, waves or radiation, an electric fieldsensor, a capacitive sensor, or a self-tuning antenna-based sensor,weight sensor, chemical sensor, motion sensor or vibration sensor, forexample.

Such transducers or receivers may be of the type which emit or receive acontinuous signal, a time varying signal (such as a capacitor orelectric field sensor) or a spacial varying signal such as in a scanningsystem. One particular type of radiation-receiving receiver for use inthe invention is a receiver capable of receiving electromagnetic waves.

When ultrasonic energy is used, transducer 632 can be used as atransmitter and transducers 631,633 as receivers. Naturally, othercombinations can be used such as where all transducers are transceivers(transmitters and receivers). For example, transducer 632 can beconstructed to transmit ultrasonic energy toward the front passengerseat, which is modified, in this case by the occupying item of thepassenger seat, i.e., the rear facing child seat 610, and the modifiedwaves are received by the transducers 631 and 633, for example. A morecommon arrangement is where transducers 631, 632 and 633 are alltransceivers. Modification of the ultrasonic energy may constitutereflection of the ultrasonic energy as the ultrasonic energy isreflected back by the occupying item of the seat. The waves received bytransducers 631 and 633 vary with time depending on the shape of theobject occupying the passenger seat, in this case the rear facing childseat 610. Each object will reflect back waves having a differentpattern. Also, the pattern of waves received by transducer 631 willdiffer from the pattern received by transducer 633 in view of itsdifferent mounting location. This difference generally permits thedetermination of location of the reflecting surface (i.e., the rearfacing child seat 610) through triangulation. Through the use of twotransducers 631,633, a sort of stereographic image is received by thetwo transducers and recorded for analysis by processor 601, which iscoupled to the transducers 631,632,633. This image will differ for eachobject that is placed on the vehicle seat and it will also change foreach position of a particular object and for each position of thevehicle seat. Elements 631, 632, 633, although described as transducers,are representative of any type of component used in a wave-basedanalysis technique.

Mention is made above of the use of wave-type sensors as the transducers631, 632, 633 as well as electric field sensors. Electric field sensorsand wave sensors are essentially the same from the point of view ofsensing the presence of an occupant in a vehicle. In both cases, a timevarying electric field is disturbed or modified by the presence of theoccupant. At high frequencies in the visual, infrared and high frequencyradio wave region, the sensor is based on its capability to sense changeof wave characteristics of the electromagnetic field, such as amplitude,phase or frequency. As the frequency drops, other characteristics of thefield are measured. At still lower frequencies, the occupant'sdielectric properties modify parameters of the reactive electric fieldin the occupied space between/near the plates of a capacitor. In thislatter case, the sensor senses the change in charge distribution on thecapacitor plates by measuring, for example, the current wave magnitudeor phase in the electric circuit that drives the capacitor. Thesemeasured parameters are directly connected with parameters of thedisplacement current in the occupied space. In all cases, the presenceof the occupant reflects, absorbs or modifies the waves or variations inthe electric field in the space occupied by the occupant. Thus for thepurposes of this invention, capacitance, electric field orelectromagnetic wave sensors are equivalent and although they are alltechnically “field” sensors they will be considered as “wave” sensorsherein. What follows is a discussion comparing the similarities anddifferences between two types of field or wave sensors, electromagneticwave sensors and capacitive sensors as exemplified by Kithil in U.S.Pat. No. 5,702,634.

An electromagnetic field disturbed or emitted by a passenger in the caseof an electromagnetic wave sensor, for example, and the electric fieldsensor of Kithil, for example, are in many ways similar and equivalentfor the purposes of this invention. The electromagnetic wave sensor isan actual electromagnetic wave sensor by definition because they senseparameters of a wave, which is a coupled pair of continuously changingelectric and magnetic fields. The electric field here is not a static,potential one. It is essentially a dynamic, rotational electric fieldcoupled with a changing magnetic one, that is, an electromagnetic wave.It cannot be produced by a steady distribution of electric charges. Itis initially produced by moving electric charges in a transmitter, evenif this transmitter is a passenger body for the case of a passiveinfrared sensor.

In the Kithil sensor, a static electric field is declared as an initialmaterial agent coupling a passenger and a sensor (see Column 5, lines5-7): “The proximity sensor 12 each function by creating anelectrostatic field between oscillator input loop 54 and detector outputloop 56, which is affected by presence of a person near by, as a resultof capacitive coupling, . . . ”). It is a potential, non-rotationalelectric field. It is not necessarily coupled with any magnetic field.It is the electric field of a capacitor. It can be produced with asteady distribution of electric charges. Thus, it is not anelectromagnetic wave by definition but if the sensor is driven by avarying current, then it produces a quasistatic electric field in thespace between/near the plates of the capacitor.

Kithil declares that his capacitance sensor uses a static electricfield. Thus, from the consideration above, one can conclude thatKithil's sensor cannot be treated as a wave sensor because there are noactual electromagnetic waves but only a static electric field of thecapacitor in the sensor system. However, this is not believed to be thecase. The Kithil system could not operate with a true static electricfield because a steady system does not carry any information. Therefore,Kithil is forced to use an oscillator, causing an alternate current inthe capacitor and a reactive quasi-static electric field in the spacebetween the capacitor plates, and a detector to reveal an informativechange of the sensor capacitance caused by the presence of an occupant(see FIG. 7 and its description). In this case, the system becomes a“wave sensor” in the sense that it starts generating actual time-varyingelectric field that certainly originates electromagnetic waves accordingto the definition above. That is, Kithil's sensor can be treated as awave sensor regardless of the shape of the electric field that itcreates, a beam or a spread shape.

As follows from the Kithil patent, the capacitor sensor is likely aparametric system where the capacitance of the sensor is controlled byinfluence of the passenger body. This influence is transferred by meansof the near electromagnetic field (i.e., the wave-like process) couplingthe capacitor electrodes and the body. It is important to note that thesame influence takes place with a real static electric field also, thatis in absence of any wave phenomenon. This would be a situation if therewere no oscillator in Kithil's system. However, such a system is notworkable and thus Kithil reverts to a dynamic system using time-varyingelectric fields.

Thus, although Kithil declares the coupling is due to a static electricfield, such a situation is not realized in his system because analternating electromagnetic field (“quasi-wave”) exists in the systemdue to the oscillator. Thus, his sensor is actually a wave sensor, thatis, it is sensitive to a change of a wave field in the vehiclecompartment. This change is measured by measuring the change of itscapacitance. The capacitance of the sensor system is determined by theconfiguration of its electrodes, one of which is a human body, that is,the passenger inside of and the part which controls the electrodeconfiguration and hence a sensor parameter, the capacitance.

The physics definition of “wave” from Webster's Encyclopedic UnabridgedDictionary is: “11. Physics. A progressive disturbance propagated frompoint to point in a medium or space without progress or advance of thepoints themselves, . . . ”. In a capacitor, the time that it takes forthe disturbance (a change in voltage) to propagate through space, thedielectric and to the opposite plate is generally small and neglectedbut it is not zero. As the frequency driving the capacitor increases andthe distance separating the plates increases, this transmission time asa percentage of the period of oscillation can become significant.Nevertheless, an observer between the plates will see the rise and fallof the electric field much like a person standing in the water of anocean. The presence of a dielectric body between the plates causes thewaves to get bigger as more electrons flow to and from the plates of thecapacitor. Thus, an occupant affects the magnitude of these waves whichis sensed by the capacitor circuit. Thus, the electromagnetic field is amaterial agent that carries information about a passenger's position inboth Kithil's and a beam-type electromagnetic wave sensor.

For ultrasonic systems, the “image” recorded from each ultrasonictransducer/receiver, is actually a time series of digitized data of theamplitude of the received signal versus time. Since there are tworeceivers, two time series are obtained which are processed by theprocessor 601. The processor 601 may include electronic circuitry andassociated, embedded software. Processor 601 constitutes one form ofgenerating means in accordance with the invention which generatesinformation about the occupancy of the passenger compartment based onthe waves received by the transducers 631,632,633.

When different objects are placed on the front passenger seat, the twoimages from transducers 631,633, for example, are different but thereare also similarities between all images of rear facing child seats, forexample, regardless of where on the vehicle seat it is placed andregardless of what company manufactured the child seat. Alternately,there will be similarities between all images of people sitting on theseat regardless of what they are wearing, their age or size. The problemis to find the “rules” which differentiate the images of one type ofobject from the images of other types of objects, e.g., whichdifferentiate the occupant images from the rear facing child seatimages. The similarities of these images for various child seats arefrequently not obvious to a person looking at plots of the time seriesand thus computer algorithms are developed to sort out the variouspatterns. For a more detailed discussion of pattern recognition see U.S.Pat. No. 5,943,295 to Varga et. al., which is incorporated herein byreference.

The determination of these rules is important to the pattern recognitiontechniques used in this invention. In general, three approaches havebeen useful, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic and artificial neuralnetworks (including cellular and modular or combination neural networksand support vector machines) (although additional types of patternrecognition techniques may also be used, such as sensor fusion). In someimplementations of this invention, such as the determination that thereis an object in the path of a closing window as described below, therules are sufficiently obvious that a trained researcher can sometimeslook at the returned signals and devise a simple algorithm to make therequired determinations. In others, such as the determination of thepresence of a rear facing child seat or of an occupant, artificialneural networks are used to determine the rules. One such set of neuralnetwork software for determining the pattern recognition rules isavailable from the NeuralWare Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pa.

The system used in a preferred implementation of this invention for thedetermination of the presence of a rear facing child seat, of anoccupant or of an empty seat is the artificial neural network. In thiscase, the network operates on the two returned signals as sensed bytransducers 631 and 633, for example. Through a training session, thesystem is taught to differentiate between the three cases. This is doneby conducting a large number of experiments where all possible childseats are placed in all possible orientations on the front passengerseat. Similarly, a sufficiently large number of experiments are run withhuman occupants and with boxes, bags of groceries and other objects(both inanimate and animate). Sometimes as many as 1,000,000 suchexperiments are run before the neural network is sufficiently trained sothat it can differentiate among the three cases and output the correctdecision with a very high probability. Of course, it must be realizedthat a neural network can also be trained to differentiate amongadditional cases, e.g., a forward facing child seat.

Once the network is determined, it is possible to examine the resultusing tools supplied by NeuralWare or International Scientific Research,for example, to determine the rules that were finally arrived at by thetrial and error techniques. In that case, the rules can then beprogrammed into a microprocessor resulting in a fuzzy logic or otherrule based system. Alternately, a neural computer, or cellular neuralnetwork, can be used to implement the net directly. In either case, theimplementation can be carried out by those skilled in the art of patternrecognition. If a microprocessor is used, a memory device is alsorequired to store the data from the analog to digital converters thatdigitize the data from the receiving transducers. On the other hand, ifa neural network computer is used, the analog signal can be fed directlyfrom the transducers to the neural network input nodes and anintermediate memory is not required. Memory of some type is needed tostore the computer programs in the case of the microprocessor system andif the neural computer is used for more than one task, a memory isneeded to store the network specific values associated with each task.

Electromagnetic energy based occupant sensors exist that use manyportions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A system based on theultraviolet, visible or infrared portions of the spectrum generallyoperate with a transmitter and a receiver of reflected radiation. Thereceiver may be a camera or a photo detector such as a pin or avalanchediode as described in detail in above-referenced patents and patentapplications. At other frequencies, the absorption of theelectromagnetic energy is primarily and at still other frequencies thecapacitance or electric field influencing effects are used. Generally,the human body will reflect, scatter, absorb or transmit electromagneticenergy in various degrees depending on the frequency of theelectromagnetic waves. All such occupant sensors are included herein.

In the embodiment wherein electromagnetic energy is used, it is to beappreciated that any portion of the electromagnetic signals thatimpinges upon, surrounds or involves a body portion of the occupant isat least partially absorbed by the body portion. Sometimes, this is dueto the fact that the human body is composed primarily of water, and thatelectromagnetic energy of certain frequencies is readily absorbed bywater. The amount of electromagnetic signal absorption is related to thefrequency of the signal, and size or bulk of the body portion that thesignal impinges upon. For example, a torso of a human body tends toabsorb a greater percentage of electromagnetic energy than a hand of ahuman body.

Thus, when electromagnetic waves or energy signals are transmitted by atransmitter, the returning waves received by a receiver provide anindication of the absorption of the electromagnetic energy. That is,absorption of electromagnetic energy will vary depending on the presenceor absence of a human occupant, the occupant's size, bulk, surfacereflectivity, etc. depending on the frequency, so that different signalswill be received relating to the degree or extent of absorption by theoccupying item on the seat. The receiver will produce a signalrepresentative of the returned waves or energy signals which will thusconstitute an absorption signal as it corresponds to the absorption ofelectromagnetic energy by the occupying item in the seat.

One or more of the transducers 631, 632, 633 can also be image-receivingdevices, such as cameras, which take images of the interior of thepassenger compartment. These images can be transmitted to a remotefacility to monitor the passenger compartment or can be stored in amemory device for use in the event of an accident, i.e., to determinethe status of the occupants of the vehicle prior to the accident. Inthis manner, it can be ascertained whether the driver was fallingasleep, talking on the phone, etc.

A memory device for storing the images of the passenger compartment, andalso for receiving and storing any of the other information, parametersand variables relating to the vehicle or occupancy of the vehicle, maybe in the form a standardized “black box” (instead of or in addition toa memory part in a processor 601). The IEEE Standards Association iscurrently beginning to develop an international standard for motorvehicle event data recorders. The information stored in the black boxand/or memory unit in the processor 601, can include the images of theinterior of the passenger compartment as well as the number of occupantsand the health state of the occupants. The black box would preferably betamper-proof and crash-proof and enable retrieval of the informationafter a crash.

FIG. 2 shows schematically the interface between a vehicle interiormonitoring system in accordance with the invention and the vehicle'scellular or other telematics communication system. An adult occupant 710is shown sitting on the front passenger seat 720 and four transducers731, 732, 640 and 641 are used to determine the presence (or absence) ofthe occupant on that seat 720. One of the transducers 732 in this caseacts as both a transmitter and receiver while transducer 731 acts onlyas a receiver. Alternately, transducer 731 could serve as both atransmitter and receiver or the transmitting function could bealternated between the two devices. Also, in many cases more that twotransmitters and receivers are used and in still other cases other typesof sensors, such as electric field, capacitance, self-tuning antennas(collectively represented by 140 and 141), weight, seatbelt, heartbeat,motion and seat position sensors, are also used in combination with theradiation sensors.

For a general object, transducers 731, 732, 140, 141 can also be used todetermine the type of object, determine the location of the object,and/or determine another property or characteristic of the object. Aproperty of the object could be the orientation of a child seat, thevelocity of an adult and the like. For example, the transducers 731,732, 140, 141 can be designed to enable a determination that an objectis present on the seat, that the object is a child seat and that thechild seat is rear-facing.

The transducers 731 and 732 are attached to the vehicle buried in theA-pillar trim, where their presence can be disguised, and are connectedto processor 601 that may also be hidden in the trim as shown (thisbeing a non-limiting position for the processor 601). The A-pillar isthe roof support pillar that is closest to the front of the vehicle andwhich, in addition to supporting the roof, also supports the frontwindshield and the front door. Other mounting locations can also beused. For example, transducers 731, 732 can be mounted inside the seat(along with or in place of transducers 140 and 141), in the ceiling ofthe vehicle, in the B-pillar, in the C-pillar and in the doors. Indeed,the vehicle interior monitoring system in accordance with the inventionmay comprise a plurality of monitoring units, each arranged to monitor aparticular seating location. In this case, for the rear seatinglocations, transducers might be mounted in the B-pillar or C-pillar orin the rear of the front seat or in the rear side doors. Possiblemounting locations for transducers, transmitters, receivers and otheroccupant sensing devices are disclosed in the above-referenced patentapplications and all of these mounting locations are contemplated foruse with the transducers described herein.

The cellular phone or other communications system 740 outputs to anantenna 750A. The transducers 731, 732, 140 and 141 in conjunction withthe pattern recognition hardware and software, which is implemented inprocessor 601 and is packaged on a printed circuit board or flex circuitalong with the transducers 731 and 732, determine the presence of anoccupant within a few seconds after the vehicle is started, or within afew seconds after the door is closed. Similar systems located to monitorthe remaining seats in the vehicle, also determine the presence ofoccupants at the other seating locations and this result is stored inthe computer memory which is part of each monitoring system processor601.

Periodically and in particular in the event of an accident, theelectronic system associated with the cellular phone system 740interrogates the various interior monitoring system memories and arrivesat a count of the number of occupants in the vehicle, and optionally,even makes a determination as to whether each occupant was wearing aseatbelt and if he or she is moving after the accident. The phone orother communications system then automatically dials the EMS operator(such as 911 or through a telematics service such as OnStart®) and theinformation obtained from the interior monitoring systems is forwardedso that a determination can be made as to the number of ambulances andother equipment to send to the accident site, for example. Such vehicleswill also have a system, such as the global positioning system, whichpermits the vehicle to determine its exact location and to forward thisinformation to the EMS operator.

Thus, in basic embodiments of the invention, wave or otherenergy-receiving transducers are arranged in the vehicle at appropriatelocations, trained if necessary depending on the particular embodiment,and function to determine whether a life form is present in the vehicleand if so, how many life forms are present and where they are locatedetc. To this end, transducers can be arranged to be operative at only asingle seating locations or at multiple seating locations with aprovision being made to eliminate repetitive count of occupants. Adetermination can also be made using the transducers as to whether thelife forms are humans, or more specifically, adults, child in childseas, etc. As noted above and below, this is possible using patternrecognition techniques. Moreover, the processor or processors associatedwith the transducers can be trained to determine the location of thelife forms, either periodically or continuously or possibly onlyimmediately before, during and after a crash. The location of the lifeforms can be as general or as specific as necessary depending on thesystem requirements, i.e., a determination can be made that a human issituated on the driver's seat in a normal position (general) or adetermination can be made that a human is situated on the driver's seatand is leaning forward and/or to the side at a specific angle as well asthe position of his or her extremities and head and chest(specifically). The degree of detail is limited by several factors,including, for example, the number and position of transducers andtraining of the pattern recognition algorithm.

In addition to the use of transducers to determine the presence andlocation of occupants in a vehicle, other sensors could also be used.For example, a heartbeat sensor which determines the number and presenceof heartbeats can also be arranged in the vehicle, which would thus alsodetermine the number of occupants as the number of occupants would beequal to the number of heartbeats. Conventional heartbeat sensors can beadapted to differentiate between a heartbeat of an adult, a heartbeat ofa child and a heartbeat of an animal. As its name implies, a heartbeatsensor detects a heartbeat, and the magnitude thereof, of a humanoccupant of the 'seat, if such a human occupant is present. The outputof the heartbeat sensor is input to the processor of the interiormonitoring system. One heartbeat sensor for use in the invention may beof the types as disclosed in McEwan (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,573,012 and5,766,208 which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference).The heartbeat sensor can be positioned at any convenient positionrelative to the seats where occupancy is being monitored. A preferredlocation is within the vehicle seatback.

An alternative way to determine the number of occupants is to monitorthe weight being applied to the seats, i.e., each seating location, byarranging weight sensors at each seating location which might also beable to provide a weight distribution of an object on the seat. Analysisof the weight and/or weight distribution by a predetermined method canprovide an indication of occupancy by a human, an adult or child, or aninanimate object.

Another type of sensor which is not believed to have been used in aninterior monitoring system heretofore is a micropower impulse radar(MIR) sensor which determines motion of an occupant and thus candetermine his or her heartbeat (as evidenced by motion of the chest).Such an MIR sensor can be arranged to detect motion in a particular areain which the occupant's chest would most likely be situated or could becoupled to an arrangement which determines the location of theoccupant's chest and then adjusts the operational field of the MIRsensor based on the determined location of the occupant's chest. Amotion sensor utilizing a micro-power impulse radar (MIR) system asdisclosed, for example, in McEwan (U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,070, which isincorporated herein by reference), as well as many other patents by thesame inventor. Motion sensing is accomplished by monitoring a particularrange from the sensor as disclosed in that patent. MIR is one form ofradar which has applicability to occupant sensing and can be mounted atvarious locations in the vehicle. It has an advantage over ultrasonicsensors in that data can be acquired at a higher speed and thus themotion of an occupant can be more easily tracked. The ability to obtainreturns over the entire occupancy range is somewhat more difficult thanwith ultrasound resulting in a more expensive system overall. MIR hasadditional advantages in lack of sensitivity to temperature variationand has a comparable resolution to about 40 kHz ultrasound. Resolutioncomparable to higher frequency is also possible. Additionally, multipleMIR sensors can be used when high speed tracking of the motion of anoccupant during a crash is required since they can be individuallypulsed without interfering with each through time division multiplexing.

An alternative way to determine motion of the occupant(s) is to monitorthe weight distribution of the occupant whereby changes in weightdistribution after an accident would be highly suggestive of movement ofthe occupant. A system for determining the weight distribution of theoccupants could be integrated or otherwise arranged in the seats 620,720 of the vehicle and several patents and publications describe suchsystems.

More generally, any sensor which determines the presence and healthstate of an occupant can also be integrated into the vehicle interiormonitoring system in accordance with the invention. For example, asensitive motion sensor can determine whether an occupant is breathingand a chemical sensor can determine the amount of carbon dioxide, or theconcentration of carbon dioxide, in the air in the vehicle which can becorrelated to the health state of the occupant(s). The motion sensor andchemical sensor can be designed to have a fixed operational fieldsituated where the occupant's mouth is most likely to be located. Inthis manner, detection of carbon dioxide in the fixed operational fieldcould be used as an indication of the presence of a human occupant inorder to enable the determination of the number of occupants in thevehicle. In the alternative, the motion sensor and chemical sensor canbe adjustable and adapted to adjust their operational field inconjunction with a determination by an occupant position and locationsensor which would determine the location of specific parts of theoccupant's body, e.g., his or her chest or mouth Furthermore, anoccupant position and location sensor can be used to determine thelocation of the occupant's eyes and determine whether the occupant isconscious, i.e., whether his or her eyes are open or closed or moving.

The use of chemical sensors can also be used to detect whether there isblood present in the vehicle, for example, after an accident.Additionally, microphones can detect whether there is noise in thevehicle caused by groaning, yelling, etc., and transmit any such noisethrough the cellular or other communication connection to a remotelistening facility (such as operated by OnStar®.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the inventionincluding a system for determining the presence and health state of anyoccupants of the vehicle and a telecommunications link. This embodimentincludes means for determining the presence of any occupants 410 whichmay take the form of a heartbeat sensor or motion sensor as describedabove and means for determining the health state of any occupants 412.The latter means may be integrated into the means for determining thepresence of any occupants, i.e., one and the same component, or separatetherefrom. Further, means for determining the location, and optionallyvelocity, of the occupants or one or more parts thereof 414 are providedand may be any conventional occupant position sensor or preferably, oneof the occupant position sensors as described herein (e.g., thoseutilizing waves, electromagnetic radiation or electric fields) or asdescribed in the current assignee's patents and patent applicationsreferenced above.

A processor 416 is coupled to the presence determining means 410, thehealth state determining means 412 and the location determining means414. A communications unit 418 is coupled to the processor 416. Theprocessor 416 and/or communications unit 418 can also be coupled tomicrophones 420 that can be distributed throughout the vehicle andinclude voice-processing circuitry to enable the occupant(s) to effectvocal control of the processor 416, communications unit 418 or anycoupled component or oral communications via the communications unit418. The processor 416 is also coupled to another vehicular system,component or subsystem 422 and can issue control commands to effectadjustment of the operating conditions of the system, component orsubsystem. Such a system, component or subsystem can be the heating orair-conditioning system, the entertainment system, an occupant restraintdevice such as an airbag, a glare prevention system, etc. Also, apositioning system 424 could be coupled to the processor 416 andprovides an indication of the absolute position of the vehicle,preferably using satellite-based positioning technology (e.g., a GPSreceiver).

In normal use (other than after a crash), the presence determining means410 determine whether any human occupants are present, i.e., adults orchildren, and the location determining means 414 determine theoccupant's location. The processor 416 receives signals representativeof the presence of occupants and their location and determines whetherthe vehicular system, component or subsystem 422 can be modified tooptimize its operation for the specific arrangement of occupants. Forexample, if the processor 416 determines that only the front seats inthe vehicle are occupied, it could control the heating system to provideheat only through vents situated to provide heat for the front-seatedoccupants.

Another possible vehicular system, component or subsystem is anavigational aid, i.e., a route display or map. In this case, theposition of the vehicle as determined by the positioning system 424 isconveyed through processor 416 to the communications unit 418 to aremote facility and a map is transmitted from this facility to thevehicle to be displayed on the route display. If directions are needed,a request for the same could be entered into an input unit 426associated with the processor 416 and transmitted to the facility. Datafor the display map and/or vocal instructions could be transmitted fromthis facility to the vehicle.

Moreover, using this embodiment, it is possible to remotely monitor thehealth state of the occupants in the vehicle and most importantly, thedriver. The health state determining means 412 may be used to detectwhether the driver's breathing is erratic or indicative of a state inwhich the driver is dozing off. The health state determining means 412could also include a breath-analyzer to determine whether the driver'sbreath contains alcohol. In this case, the health state of the driver isrelayed through the processor 416 and the communications unit 418 to theremote facility and appropriate action can be taken. For example, itwould be possible to transmit a command to the vehicle to activate analarm or illuminate a warning light or if the vehicle is equipped withan automatic guidance system and ignition shut-off, to cause the vehicleto come to a stop on the shoulder of the roadway or elsewhere out of thetraffic stream. The alarm, warning light, automatic guidance system andignition shut-off are thus particular vehicular components or subsystemsrepresented by 422.

In use after a crash, the presence determining means 410, health statedetermining means 412 and location determining means 414 can obtainreadings from the passenger compartment and direct such readings to theprocessor 416. The processor 416 analyzes the information and directs orcontrols the transmission of the information about the occupant(s) to aremote, manned facility. Such information would include the number andtype of occupants, i.e., adults, children, infants, whether any of theoccupants have stopped breathing or are breathing erratically, whetherthe occupants are conscious (as evidenced by, e.g., eye motion), whetherblood is present (as detected by a chemical sensor) and whether theoccupants are making noise. Moreover, the communications link throughthe communications unit 418 can be activated immediately after the crashto enable personnel at the remote facility to initiate communicationswith the vehicle.

An occupant sensing system can also involve sensing for the presence ofa living occupant in a trunk of a vehicle or in a closed vehicle, forexample, when a child is inadvertently left in the vehicle or enters thetrunk and the trunk closes. To this end, a SAW-based chemical sensor 250is illustrated in FIG. 4A for mounting in a vehicle trunk as illustratedin FIG. 4. The chemical sensor 250 is designed to measure carbon dioxideconcentration through the mass loading effects as described in U.S. Pat.No. 4,895,017, which is incorporated by reference herein, with a polymercoating selected that is sensitive to carbon dioxide. The speed of thesurface acoustic wave is a function of the carbon dioxide level in theatmosphere. Section 252 of the chemical sensor 250 contains a coating ofsuch a polymer and the acoustic velocity in this section is a measure ofthe carbon dioxide concentration. Temperature effects are eliminatedthrough a comparison of the sonic velocities in sections 251 and 252 asdescribed above.

Thus, when trunk lid 260 is closed and a source of carbon dioxide suchas a child or animal is trapped within the trunk, the chemical sensor250 will provide information indicating the presence of the carbondioxide producing object to the interrogator which can then release thetrunk lock permitting trunk to automatically open. In this manner, theproblem of children and animals suffocating in closed trunks iseliminated. Alternately, information that a person or animal is trappedin a trunk can be sent by the telematics system to law enforcementauthorities or other location remote from the vehicle.

A similar device can be distributed at various locations within thepassenger compartment of vehicle along with a combined temperaturesensor. If the car has been left with a child or other animal whileowner is shopping, for example, and if the temperature rises within thevehicle to an unsafe level or, alternately, if the temperature dropsbelow an unsafe level, then the vehicle can be signaled to takeappropriate action which may involve opening the windows or starting thevehicle with either air conditioning or heating as appropriate.Alternately, information that a person or animal is trapped within avehicle can be sent by the telematics system to law enforcementauthorities or other location remote from the vehicle. Thus, throughthese simple wireless powerless sensors, the problem of suffocationeither from lack of oxygen or death from excessive heat or cold can allbe solved in a simple, low-cost manner through using an interrogator asdisclosed in the current assignee's U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/079,065 incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Additionally, a sensitive layer on a SAW can be made to be sensitive toother chemicals such as water vapor for humidity control or alcohol fordrunk driving control. Similarly, the sensitive layer can be designed tobe sensitive to carbon monoxide thereby preventing carbon monoxidepoisoning. Many other chemicals can be sensed for specific applicationssuch as to check for chemical leaks in commercial vehicles, for example.Whenever such a sensor system determines that a dangerous situation isdeveloping, an alarm can be sounded and/or the situation can beautomatically communicated to an off vehicle location throughtelematics, a cell phone such as a 911 call, the Internet or though asubscriber service such as OnStar®.

Described above is a system for determining the status of occupants in avehicle, and in the event of an accident or at any other appropriatetime, transmitting the status of the occupants, and optionallyadditional information, via a communications channel or link to a remotemonitoring facility. In addition to the status of the occupant, it isalso important to be able to analyze the operating conditions of thevehicle and detect when a component of the vehicle is about to fail. Bynotifying the driver of the impending failure of the component,appropriate corrective action can be taken to avoid such failure.

The operating conditions of the vehicle can also be transmitted alongwith the status of the occupants to a remote monitoring facility. Theoperating conditions of the vehicle include whether the motor is runningand whether the vehicle is moving. Thus, in a general embodiment inwhich information on both occupancy of the vehicle and the operatingconditions of the vehicle are transmitted, one or more properties orcharacteristics of occupancy of the vehicle are determined, suchconstituting information about the occupancy of the vehicle, and one ormore states of the vehicle or of a component of the vehicle isdetermined, such constituting information about the operation of thevehicle. The information about the occupancy of the vehicle andoperation of the vehicle are selectively transmitted, possibly theinformation about occupancy to an emergency response center and theinformation about the vehicle to a dealer or repair facility.

Transmission of the information about the operation of the vehicle,i.e., diagnostic information, may be achieved via a satellite and/or viathe Internet. The vehicle would thus include appropriate electronichardware and/or software to enable the transmission of a signal to asatellite, from where it could be re-transmitted to a remote location,and/or to enable the transmission to a web site or host computer. In thelatter case, the vehicle could be assigned a domain name or e-mailaddress for identification or transmission origination purposes

It is important to appreciate that the preferred embodiment of thevehicle diagnostic unit described below performs the diagnosis, i.e.,processes the input from the various sensors, on the vehicle using forexample a processor embodying a pattern recognition technique such as aneural network. The processor thus receives data or signals from thesensors and generates an output indicative or representative of theoperating conditions of the vehicle or its component. A signal couldthus be generated indicative of an underinflated tire, or an overheatingengine.

For the discussion below, the following terms are defined as follows:

The term “component” refers to any part or assembly of parts which ismounted to or a part of a motor vehicle and which is capable of emittinga signal representative of its operating state. The following is apartial list of general automobile and truck components, the list notbeing exclusive:

engine;

transmission;

brakes and associated brake assembly;

tires;

wheel;

steering wheel and steering column assembly;

water pump;

alternator;

shock absorber;

wheel mounting assembly;

radiator;

battery;

oil pump;

fuel pump;

air conditioner compressor;

differential gear;

exhaust system;

fan belts;

engine valves;

steering assembly;

vehicle suspension including shock absorbers;

vehicle wiring system; and

engine cooling fan assembly.

The term “sensor” refers to any measuring or sensing device mounted on avehicle or any of its components including new sensors mounted inconjunction with the diagnostic module in accordance with the invention.A partial, non-exclusive list of common sensors mounted on an automobileor truck is as follows:

airbag crash sensor;

accelerometer;

microphone;

camera;

antenna, capacitance sensor or other electromagnetic wave sensor;

stress or strain sensor;

pressure sensor;

weight sensor;

magnetic field sensor;

coolant thermometer;

oil pressure sensor;

oil level sensor;

air flow meter;

voltmeter;

ammeter;

humidity sensor;

engine knock sensor;

oil turbidity sensor;

throttle position sensor;

steering wheel torque sensor;

wheel speed sensor;

tachometer;

speedometer;

other velocity sensors;

other position or displacement sensors;

oxygen sensor;

yaw, pitch and roll angular sensors;

clock;

odometer;

power steering pressure sensor;

pollution sensor;

fuel gauge;

cabin thermometer;

transmission fluid level sensor;

gyroscopes or other angular rate sensors including yaw, pitch and rollrate sensors;

coolant level sensor;

transmission fluid turbidity sensor;

break pressure sensor;

tire pressure sensor;

tire temperature sensor, and

coolant pressure sensor.

The term “signal” herein refers to any time varying output from acomponent including electrical, acoustic, thermal, or electromagneticradiation, or mechanical vibration.

Sensors on a vehicle are generally designed to measure particularparameters of particular vehicle components. However, frequently thesesensors also measure outputs from other vehicle components. For example,electronic airbag crash sensors currently in use contain anaccelerometer for determining the accelerations of the vehicle structureso that the associated electronic circuitry of the airbag crash sensorcan determine whether a vehicle is experiencing a crash of sufficientmagnitude so as to require deployment of the airbag. This accelerometercontinuously monitors the vibrations in the vehicle structure regardlessof the source of these vibrations. If a wheel is out of balance, or ifthere is extensive wear of the parts of the front wheel mountingassembly, or wear in the shock absorbers, the resulting abnormalvibrations or accelerations can, in many cases, be sensed by the crashsensor accelerometer. There are other cases, however, where thesensitivity or location of the airbag crash sensor accelerometer is notappropriate and one or more additional accelerometers may be mountedonto a vehicle for the purposes of this invention. Some airbag crashsensors are not sufficiently sensitive accelerometers or have sufficientdynamic range for the purposes herein.

Every component of a vehicle emits various signals during its life.These signals can take the form of electromagnetic radiation, acousticradiation, thermal radiation, vibrations transmitted through the vehiclestructure, and voltage or current fluctuations, depending on theparticular component. When a component is functioning normally, it maynot emit a perceptible signal. In that case, the normal signal is nosignal, i.e., the absence of a signal. In most cases, a component willemit signals that change over its life and it is these changes whichcontain information as to the state of the component, e.g., whetherfailure of the component is impending. Usually components do not failwithout warning. However, most such warnings are either not perceived orif perceived are not understood by the vehicle operator until thecomponent actually fails and, in some cases, a breakdown of the vehicleoccurs. In a few years, it is expected that various roadways will havesystems for automatically guiding vehicles operating thereon. Suchsystems have been called “smart highways” and are part of the field ofintelligent transportation systems (ITS). If a vehicle operating on sucha smart highway were to breakdown, serious disruption of the systemcould result and the safety of other users of the smart highway could beendangered.

In accordance with the invention, each of these signals emitted by thevehicle components is converted into electrical signals and thendigitized (i.e., the analog signal is converted into a digital signal)to create numerical time series data which is then entered into aprocessor. Pattern recognition algorithms then are applied in theprocessor to attempt to identify and classify patterns in this timeseries data. For a particular component, such as a tire for example, thealgorithm attempts to determine from the relevant digital data whetherthe tire is functioning properly or whether it requires balancing,additional air, or perhaps replacement.

Frequently, the data entered into the computer needs to be preprocessedbefore being analyzed by a pattern recognition algorithm. The data froma wheel speed sensor, for example, might be used as is for determiningwhether a particular tire is operating abnormally in the event it isunbalanced, whereas the integral of the wheel speed data over a longtime period (a preprocessing step), when compared to such sensors ondifferent wheels, might be more useful in determining whether aparticular tire is going flat and therefore needs air. In some cases,the frequencies present in a set of data are a better predictor ofcomponent failures than the data itself. For example, when a motorbegins to fail due to worn bearings, certain characteristic frequenciesbegan to appear. In most cases, the vibrations arising from rotatingcomponents, such as the engine, will be normalized based on therotational frequency as disclosed in the NASA TSP referenced above.Moreover, the identification of which component is causing vibrationspresent in the vehicle structure can frequently be accomplished througha frequency analysis of the data. For these cases, a Fouriertransformation of the data is made prior to entry of the data into apattern recognition algorithm. Other mathematical transformations arealso made for particular pattern recognition purposes in practicing theteachings of this invention. Some of these include shifting andcombining data to determine phase changes for example, differentiatingthe data, filtering the data, and sampling the data. Also, there existcertain more sophisticated mathematical operations that attempt toextract or highlight specific features of the data. This inventioncontemplates the use of a variety of these preprocessing techniques andthe choice of which ones is left to the skill of the practitionerdesigning a particular diagnostic module.

Another technique that is contemplated for some implementations of thisinvention is the use of multiple accelerometers and/or microphones thatwill allow the system to locate the source of any measured vibrationsbased on the time of flight and/or triangulation techniques. Once adistributed accelerometer installation has been implemented to permitthis source location, the same sensors can be used for smarter crashsensing as it will permit the determination of the location of theimpact on the vehicle. Once the impact location is known, a highlytailored algorithm can be used to accurately forecast the crash severitymaking use of a knowledge on the force vs. crush properties of thevehicle at the impact location.

When a vehicle component begins to change its operating behavior, it isnot always apparent from the particular sensors, if any, which aremonitoring that component. The output from any one of these sensors canbe normal even though the component is failing. By analyzing the outputof a variety of sensors, however, the pending failure can be diagnosed.For example, the rate of temperature rise in the vehicle coolant, if itwere monitored, might appear normal unless it were known that thevehicle was idling and not traveling down a highway at a high speed.Even the level of coolant temperature which is in the normal range couldbe in fact abnormal in some situations signifying a failing coolantpump, for example, but not detectable from the coolant thermometeralone.

The pending failure of some components is difficult to diagnose andsometimes the design of the component requires modification so that thediagnosis can be more readily made. A fan belt, for example, frequentlybegins failing by a cracking of the inner surface. The belt can bedesigned to provide a sonic or electrical signal when this crackingbegins in a variety of ways. Similarly, coolant hoses can be designedwith an intentional weak spot where failure will occur first in acontrolled manner that can also cause a whistle sound as a small amountof steam exits from the hose. This whistle sound can then be sensed by ageneral purpose microphone, for example.

In FIG. 5, a generalized component 800 emitting several signals whichare transmitted along a variety of paths, sensed by a variety of sensorsand analyzed by the diagnostic device in accordance with the inventionis illustrated schematically. Component 800 is mounted to a vehicle 880and during operation it emits a variety of signals such as acoustic 801,electromagnetic radiation 802, thermal radiation 803, current andvoltage fluctuations in conductor 804 and mechanical vibrations 805.Various sensors are mounted in the vehicle to detect the signals emittedby the component 800. These include one or more vibration sensors(accelerometers) 830, 850 and/or gyroscopes also mounted to the vehicle,one or more acoustic sensors 810, 851, electromagnetic radiation sensor815, heat radiation sensor 820, and voltage or current sensor 840.

In addition, various other sensors 852, 853 measure other parameters ofother components that in some manner provide information directly orindirectly on the operation of component 800. All of the sensorsillustrated on FIG. 5 can be connected to a data bus 860. A diagnosticmodule 870, in accordance with the invention, can also be attached tothe vehicle data bus 860 and receives the signals generated by thevarious sensors. The sensors may however be wirelessly connected to thediagnostic module 870 and be integrated into a wireless power andcommunications system or a combination of wired and wirelessconnections.

As shown in FIG. 5, the diagnostic module 870 has access to the outputdata of each of the sensors that have information relative to thecomponent 800. This data appears as a series of numerical values eachcorresponding to a measured value at a specific point in time. Thecumulative data from a particular sensor is called a time series ofindividual data points. The diagnostic module 870 compares the patternsof data received from each sensor individually, or in combination withdata from other sensors, with patterns for which the diagnostic modulehas been trained to determine whether the component is functioningnormally or abnormally.

Important to this invention is the manner in which the diagnostic module870 determines a normal pattern from an abnormal pattern and the mannerin which it decides what data to use from the vast amount of dataavailable. This is accomplished using pattern recognition technologiessuch as artificial neural networks and training. The theory of neuralnetworks including many examples can be found in several books on thesubject including: (1) Techniques And Application Of Neural Networks,edited by Taylor, M. and Lisboa, P., Ellis Horwood, West Sussex,England, 1993; (2) Naturally Intelligent Systems, by Caudill, M. andButler, C., MIT Press, Cambridge Mass., 1990; (3) J. M. Zaruda,Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems, West publishing Co., N.Y.,1992, (4) Digital Neural Networks, by Kung, S. Y., PTR Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1993, Eberhart, R., Simpson, P., (5) Dobbins,R., Computational Intelligence PC Tools, Academic Press, Inc., 1996,Orlando, Fla., (6) Cristianini, N. and Shawe-Taylor, J. An Introductionto Support Vector Machines and other kernal-based learning methods,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England, 2000; (7) Proceedings ofthe 2000 6^(th) IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networksand their Applications (CNNA 2000), IEEE, Piscataway N.J.; and (8)Sinha, N. K. and Gupta, M. M. Soft Computing & Intelligent Systems,Academic Press 2000 San Diego, Calif., all of which are incorporatedherein by reference. The neural network pattern recognition technologyis one of the most developed of pattern recognition technologies. Theinvention described herein frequently uses combinations of neuralnetworks to improve the pattern recognition process.

The neural network pattern recognition technology is one of the mostdeveloped of pattern recognition technologies. The neural network willbe used here to illustrate one example of a pattern recognitiontechnology but it is emphasized that this invention is not limited toneural networks. Rather, the invention may apply any known patternrecognition technology including sensor fusion and various correlationtechnologies. A brief description of a particular example of a neuralnetwork pattern recognition technology is set forth below.

Neural networks are constructed of processing elements known as neuronsthat are interconnected using information channels call interconnects.Each neuron can have multiple inputs but only one output. Each outputhowever is usually connected to all other neurons in the next layer. Theneurons in the first layer operate collectively on the input data asdescribed in more detail below. Neural networks learn by extractingrelational information from the data and the desired output. Neuralnetworks have been applied to a wide variety of pattern recognitionproblems including automobile occupant sensing, speech recognition,optical character recognition, and handwriting analysis.

To train a neural network, data is provided in the form of one or moretime series that represents the condition to be diagnosed as well asnormal operation. As an example, the simple case of an out of balancetire will be used. Various sensors on the vehicle can be used to extractinformation from signals emitted by the tire such as an accelerometer, atorque sensor on the steering wheel, the pressure output of the powersteering system, a tire pressure monitor or tire temperature monitor.Other sensors that might not have an obvious relationship to tireunbalance are also included such as, for example, the vehicle speed orwheel speed that can be determined from the ABS system. Data is takenfrom a variety of vehicles where the tires were accurately balancedunder a variety of operating conditions also for cases where varyingamounts of unbalance was intentionally introduced. Once the data hadbeen collected, some degree of preprocessing or feature extraction isusually performed to reduce the total amount of data fed to the neuralnetwork. In the case of the unbalanced tire, the time period betweendata points might be chosen such that there are at least ten data pointsper revolution of the wheel. For some other application, the time periodmight be one minute or one millisecond.

Once the data has been collected, it is processed by a neuralnetwork-generating program, for example, if a neural network patternrecognition system is to be used. Such programs are availablecommercially, e.g., from NeuralWare of Pittsburgh, Pa. or fromInternational Scientific Research, Inc., of Romeo Mich. for modularneural networks. The program proceeds in a trial and error manner untilit successfully associates the various patterns representative ofabnormal behavior, an unbalanced tire, with that condition. Theresulting neural network can be tested to determine if some of the inputdata from some of the sensors, for example, can be eliminated. In thisway, the engineer can determine what sensor data is relevant to aparticular diagnostic problem. The program then generates an algorithmthat is programmed onto a microprocessor, microcontroller, neuralprocessor, FPGA, or DSP (herein collectively referred to as amicroprocessor or processor). Such a microprocessor appears inside thediagnostic module 870 in FIG. 5. Once trained, the neural network, asrepresented by the algorithm, will now recognize an unbalanced tire on avehicle when this event occurs. At that time, when the tire isunbalanced, the diagnostic module 870 will output a message to thedriver indicating that the tire should be now be balanced as describedin more detail below. The message to the driver is provided by outputmeans coupled to or incorporated within the module 870 and may be, e.g.,a light on the dashboard, a vocal tone or any other recognizableindication apparatus. A similar message may also be sent to the dealeror other repair facility or remote facility.

It is important to note that there may be many neural networks involvedin a total vehicle diagnostic system. These can be organized either inparallel, series, as an ensemble, cellular neural network or as amodular neural network system. In one implementation of a modular neuralnetwork, a primary neural network identifies that there is anabnormality and tries to identify the likely source. Once a choice hasbeen made as to the likely source of the abnormality, another of a groupof neural networks is called upon to determine the exact cause of theabnormality. In this manner, the neural networks are arranged in a treepattern with each neural network trained to perform a particular patternrecognition task.

Discussions on the operation of a neural network can be found in theabove references on the subject and are well understood by those skilledin the art. Neural networks are the most well known of the patternrecognition technologies based on training, although neural networkshave only recently received widespread attention and have been appliedto only very limited and specialized problems in motor vehicles. Othernon-training based pattern recognition technologies exist, such as fuzzylogic. However, the programming required to use fuzzy logic, where thepatterns must be determine by the programmer, render these systemsimpractical for general vehicle diagnostic problems such as describedherein. Therefore, preferably the pattern recognition systems that learnby training are used herein.

The neural network is the first highly successful of what will be avariety of pattern recognition techniques based on training. There isnothing that suggests that it is the only or even the best technology.The characteristics of all of these technologies which render themapplicable to this general diagnostic problem include the use oftime-based input data and that they are trainable. In all cases, thepattern recognition technology learns from examples of datacharacteristic of normal and abnormal component operation.

A diagram of one example of a neural network used for diagnosing anunbalanced tire, for example, based on the teachings of this inventionis shown in FIG. 6. The process can be programmed to periodically testfor an unbalanced tire. Since this need be done only infrequently, thesame processor can be used for many such diagnostic problems. When theparticular diagnostic test is run, data from the previously determinedrelevant sensors is preprocessed and analyzed with the neural networkalgorithm. For the unbalanced tire, using the data from an accelerometerfor example, the digital acceleration values from the analog to digitalconverter in the accelerometer are entered into nodes 1 through n andthe neural network algorithm compares the pattern of values on nodes 1through n with patterns for which it has been trained as follows.

Each of the input nodes is connected to each of the second layer nodes,h-1,h-2, . . . ,h-n, called the hidden layer, either electrically as inthe case of a neural computer, or through mathematical functionscontaining multiplying coefficients called weights, in the mannerdescribed in more detail in the above references. At each hidden layernode, a summation occurs of the values from each of the input layernodes, which have been operated on by functions containing the weights,to create a node value. Similarly, the hidden layer nodes are in likemanner connected to the output layer node(s), which in this example isonly a single node 0 representing the decision to notify the driver,and/or a remote facility, of the unbalanced tire. During the trainingphase, an output node value of 1, for example, is assigned to indicatethat the driver should be notified and a value of 0 is assigned to notdoing so. Once again, the details of this process are described inabove-referenced texts and will not be presented in detail here.

In the example above, twenty input nodes were used, five hidden layernodes and one output layer node. In this example, only one sensor wasconsidered and accelerations from only one direction were used. If otherdata from other sensors such as accelerations from the vertical orlateral directions were also used, then the number of input layer nodeswould increase. Again, the theory for determining the complexity of aneural network for a particular application has been the subject of manytechnical papers and will not be presented in detail here. Determiningthe requisite complexity for the example presented here can beaccomplished by those skilled in the art of neural network design.

Briefly, the neural network described above defines a method, using apattern recognition system, of sensing an unbalanced tire anddetermining whether to notify the driver, and/or a remote facility, andcomprises the steps of:

(a) obtaining an acceleration signal from an accelerometer mounted on avehicle;

(b) converting the acceleration signal into a digital time series;

(c) entering the digital time series data into the input nodes of theneural network;

(d) performing a mathematical operation on the data from each of theinput nodes and inputting the operated on data into a second series ofnodes wherein the operation performed on each of the input node dataprior to inputting the operated on value to a second series node isdifferent from that operation performed on some other input node data;

(e) combining the operated on data from all of the input nodes into eachsecond series node to form a value at each second series node;

(f) performing a mathematical operation on each of the values on thesecond series of nodes and inputting this operated on data into anoutput series of nodes wherein the operation performed on each of thesecond series node data prior to inputting the operated on value to anoutput series node is different from that operation performed on someother second series node data;

(g) combining the operated on data from all of the second series nodesinto each output series node to form a value at each output series node;and,

(h) notifying a driver if the value on one output series node is withina chosen range signifying that a tire requires balancing.

This method can be generalized to a method of predicting that acomponent of a vehicle will fail comprising the steps of:

(a) sensing a signal emitted from the component;

(b) converting the sensed signal into a digital time series;

(c) entering the digital time series data into a pattern recognitionalgorithm;

(d) executing the pattern recognition algorithm to determine if thereexists within the digital time series data a pattern characteristic ofabnormal operation of the component; and

(e) notifying a driver and/or a remote facility if the abnormal patternis recognized.

The particular neural network described and illustrated above contains asingle series of hidden layer nodes. In some network designs, more thanone hidden layer is used, although only rarely will more than two suchlayers appear. There are of course many other variations of the neuralnetwork architecture illustrated above which appear in the referencedliterature. For the purposes herein, therefore, “neural network” will bedefined as a system wherein the data to be processed is separated intodiscrete values which are then operated on and combined in at least atwo stage process and where the operation performed on the data at eachstage is in general different for each discrete value and where theoperation performed is at least determined through a training process.

The implementation of neural networks can take on at least two forms, analgorithm programmed on a digital microprocessor, FPGA, DSP or in aneural computer (including a cellular neural network or support vectormachine). In this regard, it is noted that neural computer chips are nowbecoming available.

In the example above, only a single component failure was discussedusing only a single sensor since the data from the single sensorcontains a pattern which the neural network was trained to recognize aseither normal operation of the component or abnormal operation of thecomponent. The diagnostic module 870 contains preprocessing and neuralnetwork algorithms for a number of component failures. The neuralnetwork algorithms are generally relatively simple, requiring only arelatively small number of lines of computer code. A single generalneural network program can be used for multiple pattern recognitioncases by specifying different coefficients for the various terms, oneset for each application. Thus, adding different diagnostic checks hasonly a small affect on the cost of the system. Also, the system hasavailable to it all of the information available on the data bus. Duringthe training process, the pattern recognition program sorts out from theavailable vehicle data on the data bus or from other sources, thosepatterns that predict failure of a particular component.

In FIG. 7, a schematic of a vehicle with several components and severalsensors is shown in their approximate locations on a vehicle along witha total vehicle diagnostic system in accordance with the inventionutilizing a diagnostic module in accordance with the invention. A flowdiagram of information passing from the various sensors shown in FIG. 7onto the vehicle data bus and thereby into the diagnostic device inaccordance with the invention is shown in FIG. 8 along with outputs to adisplay for notifying the driver and to the vehicle cellular phone, orother communication device, for notifying the dealer, vehiclemanufacturer or other entity concerned with the failure of a componentin the vehicle. If the vehicle is operating on a smart highway, forexample, the pending component failure information may also becommunicated to a highway control system and/or to other vehicles in thevicinity so that an orderly exiting of the vehicle from the smarthighway can be facilitated. FIG. 8 also contains the names of thesensors shown numbered on FIG. 7.

Sensor 901 is a crash sensor having an accelerometer (alternately one ormore dedicated accelerometers 931 can be used), sensor 902 is representsone or more microphones, sensor 903 is a coolant thermometer, sensor 904is an oil pressure sensor, sensor 905 is an oil level sensor, sensor 906is an air flow meter, sensor 907 is a voltmeter, sensor 908 is anammeter, sensor 909 is a humidity sensor, sensor 910 is an engine knocksensor, sensor 911 is an oil turbidity sensor, sensor 912 is a throttleposition sensor, sensor 913 is a steering torque sensor, sensor 914 is awheel speed sensor, sensor 915 is a tachometer, sensor 916 is aspeedometer, sensor 917 is an oxygen sensor, sensor 918 is a pitch/rollsensor, sensor 919 is a clock, sensor 920 is an odometer, sensor 921 isa power steering pressure sensor, sensor 922 is a pollution sensor,sensor 923 is a fuel gauge, sensor 924 is a cabin thermometer, sensor925 is a transmission fluid level sensor, sensor 926 is a yaw sensor,sensor 927 is a coolant level sensor, sensor 928 is a transmission fluidturbidity sensor, sensor 929 is brake pressure sensor and sensor 930 isa coolant pressure sensor. Other possible sensors include a temperaturetransducer, a pressure transducer, a liquid level sensor, a flow meter,a position sensor, a velocity sensor, a RPM sensor, a chemical sensorand an angle sensor, angular rate sensor or gyroscope.

If a distributed group of acceleration sensors or accelerometers areused to permit a determination of the location of a vibration source,the same group can, in some cases, also be used to measure the pitch,yaw and/or roll of the vehicle eliminating the need for dedicatedangular rate sensors. In addition, as mentioned above, such a suite ofsensors can also be used to determine the location and severity of avehicle crash and additionally to determine that the vehicle is on theverge of rolling over. Thus, the same suite of accelerometers optimallyperforms a variety of functions including inertial navigation, crashsensing, vehicle diagnostics, roll over sensing etc.

Consider now some examples. The following is a partial list of potentialcomponent failures and the sensors from the list on FIG. 8 that mightprovide information to predict the failure of the component:

Out of balance tires 901,913,914,915,920,921 Front end out of align-901,913,921,926 ment Tune up required 901,903,910,912,915,917,920,922Oil change needed 903,904,905,911 Motor failure901,902,903,904,905,906,910,912,915,917,922 Low tire pressure901,913,914,915,920,921 Front end looseness 901,913,916,921,926 Coolingsystem failure 903,915,924,927,930 Alternator problems901,902,907,908,915,919,920 Transmission problems901,903,912,915,916,920,925,928 Differential problems 901,912,914 Brakes901,902,914,918,920,926,929 Catalytic converter and 901,902,912,915,922muffler Ignition 901,902,907,908,909,910,912,917,923 Tire wear901,913,914,915,918,920,921,926 Fuel leakage 920,923 Fan belt slippage901,902,903,907,908,912,915,919,920 Alternator deterioration901,902,907,908,915,919 Coolant pump failure 901,902,903,924,927,930Coolant hose failure 901,902,903,927,930 Starter failure901,902,907,908,909,912,915 Dirty air filter 902,903,906,911,912,917,922

Several interesting facts can be deduced from a review of the abovelist. First, all of the failure modes listed can be at least partiallysensed by multiple sensors. In many cases, some of the sensors merelyadd information to aid in the interpretation of signals received fromother sensors. In today's automobile, there are few if any cases wheremultiple sensors are used to diagnose or predict a problem. In fact,there is virtually no failure prediction undertaken at all. Second, manyof the failure modes listed require information from more than onesensor. Third, information for many of the failure modes listed cannotbe obtained by observing one data point in time as is now done by mostvehicle sensors. Usually an analysis of the variation in a parameter asa function of time is necessary. In fact, the association of data withtime to create a temporal pattern for use in diagnosing componentfailures in automobile is unique to this invention as in the combinationof several such temporal patterns. Fourth, the vibration measuringcapability of the airbag crash sensor, or other accelerometer, is usefulfor most of the cases discussed above yet there is no such current useof accelerometers. The airbag crash sensor is used only to detectcrashes of the vehicle. Fifth, the second most used sensor in the abovelist, a microphone, does not currently appear on any automobiles yetsound is the signal most often used by vehicle operators and mechanicsto diagnose vehicle problems. Another sensor that is listed above whichalso does not currently appear on automobiles is a pollution sensor.This is typically a chemical sensor mounted in the exhaust system fordetecting emissions from the vehicle. It is expected that this and otherchemical sensors will be used more in the future.

In addition, from the foregoing depiction of different sensors whichreceive signals from a plurality of components, it is possible for asingle sensor to receive and output signals from a plurality ofcomponents which are then analyzed by the processor to determine if anyone of the components for which the received signals were obtained bythat sensor is operating in an abnormal state. Likewise, it is alsopossible to provide for a multiplicity of sensors each receiving adifferent signal related to a specific component which are then analyzedby the processor to determine if that component is operating in anabnormal state. Note that neural networks can simultaneously analyzedata from multiple sensors of the same type or different types.

The discussion above has centered on notifying the vehicle operator of apending problem with a vehicle component. Today, there is greatcompetition in the automobile marketplace and the manufacturers anddealers who are most responsive to customers are likely to benefit byincreased sales both from repeat purchasers and new customers. Thediagnostic module disclosed herein benefits the dealer by making himinstantly aware, through the cellular telephone system, or othercommunication link, coupled to the diagnostic module or system inaccordance with the invention, when a component is likely to fail. Asenvisioned, on some automobiles, when the diagnostic module 870 detectsa potential failure it not only notifies the driver through a display980, but also automatically notifies the dealer through a vehiclecellular phone 990 or other telematics communication link. The dealercan thus contact the vehicle owner and schedule an appointment toundertake the necessary repair at each party's mutual convenience.Contact by the dealer to the vehicle owner can occur as the owner isdriving the vehicle, using a communications device. Thus, the dealercan, contact the driver and informed him of their mutual knowledge ofthe problem and discuss scheduling maintenance to attend to the problem.The customer is pleased since a potential vehicle breakdown has beenavoided and the dealer is pleased since he is likely to perform therepair work. The vehicle manufacturer also benefits by early andaccurate statistics on the failure rate of vehicle components. Thisearly warning system can reduce the cost of a potential recall forcomponents having design defects. It could even have saved lives if sucha system had been in place during the Firestone tire failure problemmentioned above. The vehicle manufacturer will thus be guided towardproducing higher quality vehicles thus improving his competitiveness.Finally, experience with this system will actually lead to a reductionin the number of sensors on the vehicle since only those sensors thatare successful in predicting failures will be necessary.

For most cases, it is sufficient to notify a driver that a component isabout to fail through a warning display. In some critical cases, actionbeyond warning the driver may be required. If, for example, thediagnostic module detected that the alternator was beginning to fail, inaddition to warning the driver of this eventuality, the module couldsend a signal to another vehicle system to turn off all non-essentialdevices which use electricity thereby conserving electrical energy andmaximizing the time and distance that the vehicle can travel beforeexhausting the energy in the battery. Additionally, this system can becoupled to a system such as OnStar*) or a vehicle route guidance system,and the driver can be guided to the nearest open repair facility or afacility of his or her choice.

In the discussion above, the diagnostic module of this invention assumesthat a vehicle data bus exists which is used by all of the relevantsensors on the vehicle. Most vehicles today do not have a data busalthough it is widely believed that most vehicles will have one in thenear future. Naturally, the relevant signals can be transmitted to thediagnostic module through a variety of coupling means other than througha data bus and this invention is not limited to vehicles having a databus. For example, the data can be sent wirelessly to the diagnosticmodule using the Bluetooth™ specification. In some cases, even thesensors do not have to be wired and can obtain their power via RF fromthe interrogator as is well known in the RFID—radio frequencyidentification (either silicon or surface acoustic wave (SAW) based))field. Alternately an inductive or capacitive power transfer system canbe used.

As can be appreciated from the above discussion, the invention describedherein brings several new improvements to automobiles including, but notlimited to, the use of pattern recognition technologies to diagnosepotential vehicle component failures, the use of trainable systemsthereby eliminating the need of complex and extensive programming, thesimultaneous use of multiple sensors to monitor a particular component,the use of a single sensor to monitor the operation of many vehiclecomponents, the monitoring of vehicle components which have no dedicatedsensors, and the notification of both the driver and possibly an outsideentity of a potential component failure in time so that the failure canbe averted and vehicle breakdowns substantially eliminated.Additionally, improvements to the vehicle stability, crash avoidance,crash anticipation and occupant protection are available.

To implement a component diagnostic system for diagnosing the componentutilizing a plurality of sensors not directly associated with thecomponent, i.e., independent of the component, a series of tests areconducted. For each test, the signals received from the sensors areinput into a pattern recognition training algorithm with an indicationof whether the component is operating normally or abnormally (thecomponent being intentionally altered to provide for abnormaloperation). The data from the test are used to generate the patternrecognition algorithm, e.g., neural network, so that in use, the datafrom the sensors is input into the algorithm and the algorithm providesan indication of abnormal or normal operation of the component. Also, toprovide a more versatile diagnostic module for use in conjunction withdiagnosing abnormal operation of multiple components, tests may beconducted in which each component is operated abnormally while the othercomponents are operating normally, as well as tests in which two or morecomponents are operating abnormally. In this manner, the diagnosticmodule may be able to determine based on one set of signals from thesensors during use that either a single component or multiple componentsare operating abnormally.

Furthermore, the pattern recognition algorithm may be trained based onpatterns within the signals from the sensors. Thus, by means of a singlesensor, it would be possible to determine whether one or more componentsare operating abnormally. To obtain such a pattern recognitionalgorithm, tests are conducted using a single sensor, such as amicrophone, and causing abnormal operation of one or more components,each component operating abnormally while the other components operatenormally and multiple components operating abnormally. In this manner,in use, the pattern recognition algorithm may analyze a signal from asingle sensor and determine abnormal operation of one or morecomponents. Note that in some cases, simulations can be used toanalytically generate the relevant data.

The invention is also particularly useful in light of the foreseeableimplementation of smart highways. Smart highways will result in vehiclestraveling down highways under partial or complete control of anautomatic system, i.e., not being controlled by the driver. The on-boarddiagnostic system will thus be able to determine failure of a componentprior to or upon failure thereof and inform the vehicle's guidancesystem to cause the vehicle to move out of the stream of traffic, i.e.,onto a shoulder of the highway, in a safe and orderly manner. Moreover,the diagnostic system may be controlled or programmed to prevent themovement of the disabled vehicle back into the stream of traffic untilthe repair of the component is satisfactorily completed.

In a method in accordance with this embodiment, the operation of thecomponent would be monitored and if abnormal operation of the componentis detected, e.g., by any of the methods and apparatus disclosed herein(although other component failure systems may of course be used in thisimplementation), the guidance system of the vehicle which controls themovement of the vehicle would be notified, e.g., via a signal from thediagnostic module to the guidance system, and the guidance system wouldbe programmed to move the vehicle out of the stream of traffic, or offof the restricted roadway, possibly to a service station or dealer, uponreception of the particular signal from the diagnostic module. Theautomatic guidance systems for vehicles traveling on highways may be anyexisting system or system being developed, such as one based onsatellite positioning techniques or ground-based positioning techniques.Since the guidance system may be programmed to ascertain the vehicle'sposition on the highway, it can determine the vehicle's currentposition, the nearest location out of the stream of traffic, or off ofthe restricted roadway, such as an appropriate shoulder or exit to whichthe vehicle may be moved, and the path of movement of the vehicle fromthe current position to the location out of the stream of traffic, oroff of the restricted roadway. The vehicle may thus be moved along thispath under the control of the automatic guidance system. In thealternative, the path may be displayed to a driver and the driver canfollow the path, i.e., manually control the vehicle. The diagnosticmodule and/or guidance system may be designed to prevent re-entry of thevehicle into the stream of traffic, or off of the restricted roadway,until the abnormal operation of the component is satisfactorilyaddressed.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of some of the methods for directing a vehicleoff of a roadway if a component is operating abnormally. The component'soperation is monitored at 440 and a determination is made at 442 whetherits operation is abnormal. If not, the operation of the component ismonitored further. If the operation of the component is abnormal, thevehicle can be directed off the roadway at 444. More particularly, thiscan be accomplished by generating a signal indicating the abnormaloperation of the component at 446, directing this signal to a guidancesystem in the vehicle at 448 that guides movement of the vehicle off ofthe roadway at 450. Also, if the component is operating abnormally, thecurrent position of the vehicle and the location of a site off of theroadway can be determined at 452, e.g., using satellite-based orground-based location determining techniques, a path from the currentlocation to the off-roadway location determined at 454 and then thevehicle directed along this path at 456. Periodically, a determinationis made at 458 whether the component's abnormality has beensatisfactorily addressed and/or corrected and if so, the vehicle canre-enter the roadway and operation of the component begins again. Ifnot, the re-entry of the vehicle onto the roadway is prevented at 460.

FIG. 10 schematically shows the basic components for performing thismethod, i.e., a component operation monitoring system 462 (such asdescribed above), an optional satellite-based or ground-basedpositioning system 464 and a vehicle guidance system 466.

FIG. 11 illustrates the placement of a variety of sensors, primarilyaccelerometers and/or gyroscopes, which can be used to diagnose thestate of the vehicle itself. Sensor 202 can be located in the headlineror attached to the vehicle roof above the side door. Typically, therecan be two such sensors one on either side of the vehicle. Sensor 203 isshown in a typical mounting location midway between the sides of thevehicle attached to or near the vehicle roof above the rear window.Sensor 206 is shown in a typical mounting location in the vehicle trunkadjacent the rear of the vehicle. Either one, two or three such sensorscan be used depending on the application. If three such sensors are useone would be adjacent each side of vehicle and one in the center. Sensor204 is shown in a typical mounting location in the vehicle door andsensor 205 is shown in a typical mounting location on the sill or floorbelow the door. Sensor 207, which can be also multiple sensors, is shownin a typical mounting location forward in the crush zone of the vehicle.Finally, sensor 208 can measure the acceleration of the firewall orinstrument panel and is located thereon generally midway between the twosides of the vehicle. If three such sensors are used, one would beadjacent each vehicle side and one in the center.

In general, sensors 202-208 provide a measurement of the state of thevehicle, such as its velocity, acceleration, angular orientation ortemperature, or a state of the location at which the sensor is mounted.Thus, measurements related to the state of the sensor would includemeasurements of the acceleration of the sensor, measurements of thetemperature of the mounting location as well as changes in the state ofthe sensor and rates of changes of the state of the sensor. As such, anydescribed use or function of the sensors 202-208 above is merelyexemplary and is not intended to limit the form of the sensor or itsfunction.

Each of the sensors 202-208 may be single axis, double axis or triaxialaccelerometers and/or gyroscopes typically of the MEMS type. Thesesensors 202-208 can either be wired to the central control module orprocessor directly wherein they would receive power and transmitinformation, or they could be connected onto the vehicle bus or, in somecases, using RFID, SAW or similar technology, the sensors can bewireless and would receive their power through RF from one or moreinterrogators located in the vehicle. In this case, the interrogatorscan be connected either to the vehicle bus or directly to controlmodule. Alternately, an inductive or capacitive power and informationtransfer system can be used.

One particular implementation will now be described. In this case, eachof the sensors 202-208 is a single or dual axis accelerometer. They aremade using silicon micromachined technology such as disclosed in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,121,180 and 5,894,090. These are only representative patentsof these devices and there exist more than 100 other relevant U.S.patents describing this technology. Commercially available MEMSgyroscopes such as from Systron Doner have accuracies of approximatelyone degree per second. In contrast, optical gyroscopes typically haveaccuracies of approximately one degree per hour. Unfortunately, theoptical gyroscopes are prohibitively expensive for automotiveapplications. On the other hand, typical MEMS gyroscopes are notsufficiently accurate for many control applications.

The angular rate function can be obtained through placing accelerometersat two separated, non-co-located points in a vehicle and using thedifferential acceleration to obtain an indication of angular motion andangular acceleration. From the variety of accelerometers shown on FIG.11, it can be appreciated that not only will all accelerations of keyparts of the vehicle be determined, but the pitch, yaw and roll angularrates can also be determined based on the accuracy of theaccelerometers. By this method, low cost systems can be developed which,although not as accurate as the optical gyroscopes, are considerablymore accurate than conventional MEMS gyroscopes. Alternately, it hasbeen found that from a single package containing up to three low costMEMS gyroscopes and three low cost MEMS accelerometers, when carefullycalibrated, an accurate inertial measurement unit (IMU) can beconstructed that performs as well as units costing a great deal more.Such a package is sold by Crossbow Technology, Inc. 41 Daggett Dr., SanJose, Calif. 95134. If this IMU is combined with a GPS system andsometimes other vehicle sensor inputs using a Kalman filter, accuracyapproaching that of expensive military units can be achieved.

Instead of using two accelerometers at separate locations on thevehicle, a single conformal MEMS-IDT gyroscope may be used. Such aconformal MEMS-IDT gyroscope is described in a paper by V. K. Karadan,Conformal MEMS-IDT Gyroscopes and Their Comparison With Fiber OpticGyro, incorporated in its entirety herein. The MEMS-IDT gyroscope isbased on the principle of surface acoustic wave (SAW) standing waves ona piezoelectric substrate. A surface acoustic wave resonator is used tocreate standing waves inside a cavity and the particles at theanti-nodes of the standing waves experience large amplitude ofvibrations, which serves as the reference vibrating motion for thegyroscope. Arrays of metallic dots are positioned at the anti-nodelocations so that the effect of Coriolis force due to rotation willacoustically amplify the magnitude of the waves. Unlike other MEMSgyroscopes, the MEMS-IDT gyroscope has a planar configuration with nosuspended resonating mechanical structures. Other SAW-based gyroscopesare also now under development.

The system of FIG. 11 using dual axis accelerometers, or the IMU Kalmanfilter system, therefore provides a complete diagnostic system of thevehicle itself and its dynamic motion. Such a system is far moreaccurate than any system currently available in the automotive market.This system provides very accurate crash discrimination since the exactlocation of the crash can be determined and, coupled with a knowledge ofthe force deflection characteristics of the vehicle at the accidentimpact site, an accurate determination of the crash severity and thusthe need for occupant restraint deployment can be made. Similarly, thetendency of a vehicle to roll over can be predicted in advance andsignals sent to the vehicle steering, braking and throttle systems toattempt to ameliorate the rollover situation or prevent it. In the eventthat it cannot be prevented, the deployment side curtain airbags can beinitiated in a timely manner.

Similarly, the tendency of the vehicle to the slide or skid can beconsiderably more accurately determined and again the steering, brakingand throttle systems commanded to minimize the unstable vehiclebehavior.

Thus, through the sample deployment of inexpensive accelerometers at avariety of locations in the vehicle, or the IMU Kalman filter systemsignificant improvements are made in the vehicle stability control,crash sensing, rollover sensing, and resulting occupant protectiontechnologies.

Finally, as mentioned above, the combination of the outputs from theseaccelerometer sensors and the output of strain gage weight sensors in avehicle seat, or in or on a support structure of the seat, can be usedto make an accurate assessment of the occupancy of the seat anddifferentiate between animate and inanimate occupants as well asdetermining where in the seat the occupants are sitting. This can bedone by observing the acceleration signals from the sensors of FIG. 11and simultaneously the dynamic strain gage measurements from seatmounted strain gages. The accelerometers provide the input function tothe seat and the strain gages measure the reaction of the occupying itemto the vehicle acceleration and thereby provide a method of determiningdynamically the mass of the occupying item and its location. This isparticularly important during occupant position sensing during a crashevent. By combining the outputs of the accelerometers and the straingages and appropriately processing the same, the mass and weight of anobject occupying the seat can be determined as well as the gross motionof such an object so that an assessment can be made as to whether theobject is a life form such as a human being.

For this embodiment, sensor 209 represents one or more strain gageweight sensors mounted on the seat or in connection with the seat or itssupport structure. Suitable mounting locations and forms of weightsensors are discussed in the current assignee's U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/193,209 and contemplated for use in this invention as well.The mass or weight of the occupying item of the seat can thus bemeasured based on the dynamic measurement of the strain gages withoptional consideration of the measurements of accelerometers on thevehicle, which are represented by any of sensors 202-208.

FIG. 12 shows a schematic of the integration of the occupant sensingwith a telematics link and the vehicle diagnosis with a telematics link.As envisioned, the occupant sensing system 1000 includes thosecomponents which determine the presence, position, health state, andother information relating to the occupants, for example the transducersdiscussed above with reference to FIGS. 1-3 and the SAW device discussedabove with reference to FIG. 4. Information relating to the occupantsincludes information as to what the driver is doing, talking on thephone, communicating with OnStar® or other route guidance, listening tothe radio, sleeping, drunk, drugged, having a heart attack The occupantsensing system may also be any of those systems and apparatus describedin any of the current assignee's above-referenced patents and patentapplications incorporated by reference herein, or any other comparableoccupant sensing system which performs any or all of the same functionsas they relate to occupant sensing. Examples of sensors which might beinstalled on a vehicle and constitute the occupant sensing systeminclude heartbeat sensors, motion sensors, weight sensors, microphonesand optical sensors.

A crash sensor 1002 is provided and determines when the vehicleexperiences a crash. Crash sensor 1002 may be any type of crash sensor.

Vehicle sensors 1004 include sensors which detect the operatingconditions of the vehicle such as those sensors discussed with referenceto FIGS. 4-8 above. Also included are tire sensors such as disclosed inU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/079,065. Other examples includevelocity and acceleration sensors, and angular and angular rate pitch,roll and yaw sensors. Of particular importance are sensors that tellwhat the car is doing: speed, skidding, sliding, location, communicatingwith other cars or the infrastructure, etc.

Environment sensors 1006 includes sensors which provide data to theoperating environment of the vehicle, e.g., the inside and outsidetemperatures, the time of day, the location of the sun and lights, thelocations of other vehicles, rain, snow, sleet, visibility (fog),general road condition information, pot holes, ice, snow cover, roadvisibility, assessment of traffic, video pictures of an accident, etc.Possible sensors include optical sensors which obtain images of theenvironment surrounding the vehicle, blind spot detectors which providesdata on the blind spot of the driver, automatic cruise control sensorsthat can provide images of vehicles in front of the host vehicle,various radar devices which provide the position of other vehicles andobjects relative to the subject vehicle.

The occupant sensing system 1000, crash sensors 1002, vehicle sensors1004, environment sensors 1006 all are coupled to a communicationsdevice 1008 which may contain a memory unit and appropriate electricalhardware to communicate with all of the sensors, process data from thesensors, and transmit data from the sensors. The memory unit would beuseful to store data from the sensors, updated periodically, so thatsuch information could be transmitted at set time intervals.

The communications device 308 can be designed to transmit information toany number of different types of facilities. For example, thecommunications device 1008 would be designed to transmit information toan emergency response facility 1010 in the event of an accidentinvolving the vehicle. The transmission of the information would betriggered by a signal from the crash sensor 1002 that the vehicle wasexperiencing a crash or experienced a crash. The information transmittedwould come from the occupant sensing system 1000 so that the emergencyresponse could be tailored to the status of the occupants. For example,if the vehicle was determined to have ten occupants, multiple ambulancesmight be sent than if the vehicle contained only a single occupant.Also, if the occupants are determined not be breathing, then a higherpriority call with living survivors might receive assistance first. Assuch, the information from the occupant sensing system 1000 would beused to prioritize the duties of the emergency response personnel.

Information from the vehicle sensors 1004 and environment sensors 1006could also be transmitted to law enforcement authorities 1014 in theevent of an accident so that the cause(s) of the accident could bedetermined. Such information can also include information from theoccupant sensing system 1000, which might reveal that the driver wastalking on the phone, putting on make-up, or another distractingactivity, information from the vehicle sensors 1004 which might reveal aproblem with the vehicle, and information from the environment sensors1006 which might reveal the existence of slippery roads, dense fog andthe like.

Information from the occupant sensing system 1000, vehicle sensors 1004and environment sensors 1006 could also be transmitted to the vehiclemanufacturer 1016 in the event of an accident so that a determinationcan be made as to whether failure of a component of the vehicle causesor contributed to the cause of the accident. For example, the vehiclesensors might determine that the tire pressure was too low so thatadvice can be disseminated to avoid maintaining the tire pressure toolow in order to avoid an accident. Information from the vehicle sensors1004 relating to component failure could be transmitted to adealer/repair facility 1012 which could schedule maintenance to correctthe problem.

The communications device 1008 could be designed to transmit particularinformation to each site, i.e., only information important to beconsidered by the personnel at that site. For example, the emergencyresponse personnel have no need for the fact that the tire pressure wastoo low but such information is important to the law enforcementauthorities 1014 (for the possible purpose of issuing a recall of thetire and/or vehicle) and the vehicle manufacturer 1016.

The communication device can be a cellular phone, OnStar® or othersubscriber-based telematics system, a peer-to-peer vehicle communicationsystem that eventually communicates to the infrastructure and then,perhaps, to the Internet with email to the dealer, manufacturer, vehicleowner, law enforcement authorities or others. It can also be a vehicleto LEO or Geostationary satellite system such as SkyBytes which can thenforward the information to the appropriate facility either directly orthrough the Internet.

The communication may need to be secret so as not to violate the privacyof the occupants and thus encrypted communication may in many cases berequired. Other innovations described herein include the transmission ofany video data from a vehicle to another vehicle or to a facility remotefrom the vehicle by any means such as a telematics communication systemsuch as OnStar®, a cellular phone system, a communication via GEO,geocentric or other satellite system and any communication thatcommunicates the results of a pattern recognition system analysis. Also,any communication from a vehicle that combines sensor information withlocation information.

When optical sensors are provided as part of the occupant sensing system1000, video conferencing becomes a possibility, whether or not thevehicle experiences a crash. That is, the occupants of the vehicle canengage in a video conference with people at another location 1018 viaestablishment of a communications channel by the communications device1008.

The vehicle diagnostic system described above using a telematics linkcan transmit information from any type of sensors on the vehicle.

In one particular use of the invention, a wireless sensing andcommunication system is provided whereby the information or dataobtained through processing of input from sensors of the wirelesssensing and communication system is further transmitted for reception bya remote facility. Thus, in such a construction, there is anintra-vehicle communications between the sensors on the vehicle and aprocessing system (control module, computer or the like) and remotecommunications between the same or a coupled processing system (controlmodule, computer or the like). The electronic components for theintra-vehicle communication may be designed to transmit and receivesignals over short distances whereas the electronic components whichenable remote communications should be designed to transmit and receivesignals over relatively long distances.

The wireless sensing and communication system includes sensors that arelocated on the vehicle or in the vicinity of the vehicle and whichprovide information which is transmitted to one or more interrogators inthe vehicle by wireless radio frequency means, using wireless radiofrequency transmission technology. In some cases, the power to operate aparticular sensor is supplied by the interrogator while in other cases,the sensor is independently connected to either a battery, generator,vehicle power source or some source of power external to the vehicle.

The sensors for a system installed in a vehicle would likely includetire pressure, temperature and acceleration monitoring sensors, weightor load measuring sensors, switches, temperature, acceleration, angularposition, angular rate, angular acceleration, proximity, rollover,occupant presence, humidity, presence of fluids or gases, strain, roadcondition and friction, chemical sensors and other similar sensorsproviding information to a vehicle system, vehicle operator or externalsite. The sensors can provide information about the vehicle and itsinterior or exterior environment, about individual components, systems,vehicle occupants, subsystems, or about the roadway, ambient atmosphere,travel conditions and external objects.

The system can use one or more interrogators each having one or moreantennas that transmit radio frequency energy to the sensors and receivemodulated radio frequency signals from the sensors containing sensorand/or identification information. One interrogator can be used forsensing multiple switches or other devices. For example, an interrogatormay transmit a chirp form of energy at 905 MHz to 925 MHz to a varietyof sensors located within or in the vicinity of the vehicle. Thesesensors may be of the RFID electronic type or of the surface acousticwave (SAW) type. In the electronic type, information can be returnedimmediately to the interrogator in the form of a modulated RF signal. Inthe case of SAW devices, the information can be returned after a delay.Naturally, one sensor can respond in both the electronic and SAW delayedmodes.

When multiple sensors are interrogated using the same technology, thereturned signals from the various sensors can be time, code, space orfrequency multiplexed. For example, for the case of the SAW technology,each sensor can be provided with a different delay. Alternately, eachsensor can be designed to respond only to a single frequency or severalfrequencies. The radio frequency can be amplitude or frequencymodulated. Space multiplexing can be achieved through the use of two ormore antennas and correlating the received signals to isolate signalsbased on direction.

In many cases, the sensors will respond with an identification signalfollowed by or preceded by information relating to the sensed value,state and/or property. In the case of a SAW-based switch, for example,the returned signal may indicate that the switch is either on or off or,in some cases, an intermediate state can be provided signifying that alight should be dimmed, rather than or on or off, for example.

Great economies are achieved by using a single interrogator or even asmall number of interrogators to interrogate many types of devices. Forexample, a single interrogator may monitor tire pressure andtemperature, the weight of an occupying item of the seat, the positionof the seat and seatback, as well as a variety of switches controllingwindows, door locks, seat position, etc. in a vehicle. Such aninterrogator may use one or multiple antennas and when multiple antennasare used, may switch between the antennas depending on what is beingmonitored.

More particularly, the tire monitoring system of this invention actuallycomprises three separate systems corresponding to three stages ofproduct evolution. Generation 1 is a tire valve cap that providesinformation as to the pressure within the tire as described below.Generation 2 requires the replacement of the tire valve stem, or theaddition of a new stem-like device, with a new valve stem that alsomeasures temperature and pressure within the tire or it may be a devicethat attaches to the vehicle wheel rim. Generation 3 is a product thatis attached to the inside of the tire adjacent the tread and provides ameasure of the diameter of the footprint between the tire and the road,the tire pressure and temperature, indications of tire wear and, in somecases, the coefficient of friction between the tire and the road.

Surface acoustic wave technology permits the measurement of manyphysical and chemical parameters without the requirement of local poweror energy. Rather, the energy to run devices can be obtained from radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. These waves excite an antenna that iscoupled to the SAW device. Through various means, the properties of theacoustic waves on the surface of the SAW device are modified as afunction of the variable to be measured. The SAW device belongs to thefield of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and can be produced inhigh-volume at low cost.

For the generation 1 system, a valve cap contains a SAW material at theend of the valve cap, which may be polymer covered. This device sensesthe absolute pressure in the valve cap. Upon attaching the valve cap tothe valve stem, a depressing member gradually depresses the valvepermitting the air pressure inside the tire to communicate with a smallvolume inside the valve cap. As the valve cap is screwed onto the valvestem, a seal prevents the escape of air to the atmosphere. The SAWdevice is electrically connected to the valve cap, which is alsoelectrically connected to the valve stem that acts as an antenna fortransmitting and receiving radio frequency waves. An interrogatorlocated within 20 feet of the tire periodically transmits radio wavesthat power the SAW device. The SAW device measures the absolute pressurein the valve cap that is equal to the pressure in the tire. U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,641,902, 5,819,779 and 4,103,549 illustrate a valve cap pressuresensor where a visual output is provided. Other related prior artincludes U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,246.

The generation 2 system permits the measurement of both the tirepressure and tire temperature. In this case, the tire valve stem isremoved and replaced with a new tire valve stem that contains a SAWdevice attached at the bottom of the valve stem. This device actuallycontains two SAW devices, one for measuring temperature and the secondfor measuring pressure through a novel technology discussed below. Thissecond generation device therefore permits the measurement of both thepressure and the temperature inside the tire. Alternately, this devicecan be mounted inside the tire, attached to the rim or attached toanother suitable location. An external pressure sensor is mounted in theinterrogator to measure the pressure of the atmosphere to compensate foraltitude and/or barometric changes.

The generation 3 device contains a pressure and temperature sensor, asin the case of the generation 2 device, but additionally contains one ormore accelerometers which measure at least one component of theacceleration of the vehicle tire tread adjacent the device. Thisacceleration varies in a known manner as the device travels in anapproximate circle attached to the wheel. This device is capable ofdetermining when the tread adjacent the device is in contact with roadsurface. It is also able to measure the coefficient of friction betweenthe tire and the road surface. In this manner, it is capable ofmeasuring the length of time that this tread portion is in contact withthe road and thereby provides a measure of the diameter of the tirefootprint on the road. A technical discussion of the operating principleof a tire inflation and load detector based on flat area detectionfollows:

When tires are inflated and not in contact with the ground, the internalpressure is balanced by the circumferential tension in the fibers of theshell. Static equilibrium demands that tension is equal to the radius ofcurvature multiplied by the difference between the internal and theexternal gas pressure. Tires support the weight of the automobile bychanging the curvature of the part of the shell that touches the ground.The relation mentioned above is still valid. In the part of the shellthat gets flattened, the radius of curvature increases while the tensionin the tire structure stays the same. Therefore, the difference betweenthe external and internal pressures becomes small to compensate for thegrowth of the radius. If the shell were perfectly flexible, the tirecontact with the ground would develop into a flat spot with an areaequal to the load divided by the pressure.

A tire operating at correct values of load and pressure has a precisesignature in terms of variation of the radius of curvature in the loadedzone. More flattening indicates under-inflation or overloading, whileless flattening indicates over-inflation or under-loading. Note thattire loading has essentially no effect on internal pressure.

From the above, one can conclude that monitoring the curvature of thetire as it rotates can provide a good indication of its operationalstate. A sensor mounted inside the tire at its largest diameter canaccomplish this measurement. Preferably, the sensor would measuremechanical strain. However, a sensor measuring acceleration in any oneaxis could also serve the purpose.

In the case of the strain measurement, the sensor would indicate aconstant strain as it spans the arc over which the tire is not incontact with the ground, and a pattern of increased stretch during thearc of close proximity with the ground. A simple ratio of the times ofduration of these two states would provide a good indication ofinflation, but more complex algorithms could be employed, where thevalues and the shape of the period of increased strain are utilized.

In the case of acceleration measurement, the system would utilize thefact that the part of the tire in contact with the ground possesses zerovelocity for a finite period of time, while the rest of the tire isaccelerating and decelerating in a cyclic fashion. The resultingacceleration profiles in the circumferential axis or the radial axispresent a characteristic near-zero portion, the length of which, whenrelated to the rest of the rotation, is a result of the state of tireinflation.

As an indicator of tire health, the measurement of strain on the largestinside diameter of the tire is believed to be superior to themeasurement of stress, such as inflation pressure, because, the tirecould be deforming, as it ages or otherwise progresses toward failure,without any changes in inflation pressure. Radial strain could also bemeasured on the inside of the tire sidewall thus indicating the degreeof flexure that the tire undergoes.

The accelerometer approach has the advantage of giving a signature fromwhich a harmonic analysis of once-per-revolution disturbances couldindicate developing problems such as hernias, flat spots, loss of partof the tread, sticking of foreign bodies to the tread, etc.

As a bonus, both of the above-mentioned sensors give clearonce-per-revolution signals for each tire that could be used as inputsfor speedometers, odometers, differential slip indicators, tire wearindicators, etc.

Tires can fail for a variety of reasons including low pressure, hightemperature, delamination of the tread, excessive flexing of thesidewall, and wear (see, e.g., Summary Root Cause AnalysisBridgestone/Firestone, Inc.”http://www.bridgestone-firestone.com/homeimgs/rootcause.htm, PrintedMarch, 2001). Most tire failures can be predicted based on tire pressurealone and the TREAD Act thus addresses the monitoring of tire pressure.However, some failures, such as the Firestone tire failures, can resultfrom substandard materials especially those that are in contact with asteel-reinforcing belt. If the rubber adjacent the steel belt begins tomove relative to the belt, then heat will be generated and thetemperature of the tire will rise until the tire fails catastrophically.This can happen even in properly inflated tires.

Finally, tires can fail due to excessive vehicle loading and excessivesidewall flexing even if the tire is properly inflated. This can happenif the vehicle is overloaded or if the wrong size tire has been mountedon the vehicle. In most cases, the tire temperature will rise as aresult of this additional flexing, however, this is not always the case,and it may even occur too late. Therefore, the device which measures thediameter of the tire footprint on the road is a superior method ofmeasuring excessive loading of the tire.

Generation 1 devices monitor pressure only while generation 2 devicesalso monitor the temperature and therefore will provide a warning ofimminent tire failure more often than through monitoring pressure alone.Generation 3 devices will give an indication that the vehicle isoverloaded before either a pressure or temperature monitoring system canrespond. The generation 3 system can also be augmented to measure thevibration signature of the tire and thereby detect when a tire has wornto the point that the steel belt is contacting the road. In this manner,the generation 3 system also provides an indication of a worn out tireand, as will be discussed below, an indication of the road coefficientof friction.

Each of these devices communicates to an interrogator with pressure,temperature, and acceleration as appropriate In none of thesegenerational devices is a battery mounted within the vehicle tirerequired, although in some cases a generator can be used. In most cases,the SAW devices will optionally provide an identification numbercorresponding to the device to permit the interrogator to separate onetire from another.

Key advantages of the tire monitoring system disclosed herein over mostof the currently known prior art are:

very small size and insignificant weight eliminating the need for wheelcounterbalance,

cost competitive for tire monitoring only, significant cost advantagewhen systems are combined,

exceeds customers' price targets,

high update rate,

self-diagnostic,

automatic wheel identification,

no batteries required—powerless,

no wires required—wireless.

SAW devices have been used for sensing many parameters including devicesfor chemical sensing and materials characterization in both the gas andliquid phase. They also are used for measuring pressure, strain,temperature, acceleration, angular rate and other physical states of theenvironment.

The monitoring of temperature and or pressure of a tire can take placeinfrequently. It is adequate to check the pressure and temperature ofvehicle tires once every ten seconds to once per minute. To utilize thecentralized interrogator of this invention, the tire monitoring systemwould preferably use SAW technology and the device could be located inthe valve stem, wheel, tire side wall, tire tread, or other appropriatelocation with access to the internal tire pressure of the tires. Apreferred system is based on a SAW technology discussed above.

At periodic intervals, such as once every minute, the interrogator sendsa radio frequency signal at a frequency such as 905 MHz to which thetire monitor sensors have been sensitized. When receiving this signal,the tire monitor sensors (of which there are five in a typicalconfiguration) respond with a signal providing an optionalidentification number, temperature and pressure data. In oneimplementation, the interrogator would use multiple, typically two orfour, antennas which are spaced apart. By comparing the time of thereturned signals from the tires to the antennas, the location of each ofthe senders can be approximately determined. That is, the antennas canbe so located that each tire is a different distance from each antennaand by comparing the return time of the signals sensed by the antennas,the location of each tire can be determined and associated with thereturned information. If at least three antennas are used, then returnsfrom adjacent vehicles can be eliminated.

An identification number can accompany each transmission from each tiresensor and can also be used to validate that the transmitting sensor isin fact located on the subject vehicle. In traffic situations, it ispossible to obtain a signal from the tire of an adjacent vehicle. Thiswould immediately show up as a return from more than five vehicle tiresand the system would recognize that a fault had occurred. The sixthreturn can be easily eliminated, however, since it could contain anidentification number that is different from those that have heretoforebeen returned frequently to the vehicle system or based on a comparisonof the signals sensed by the different antennas. Thus, when the vehicletire is changed or tires are rotated, the system will validate aparticular return signal as originating from the tire-monitoring sensorlocated on the subject vehicle.

This same concept is also applicable for other vehicle-mounted sensors.This permits a plug and play scenario whereby sensors can be added to,changed, or removed from a vehicle and the interrogation system willautomatically adjust. The system will know the type of sensor based onthe identification number, frequency, delay and/or its location on thevehicle. For example, a tire monitor could have a different code in theidentification number from a switch or weight-monitoring device. Thisalso permits new kinds of sensors to be retroactively installed on avehicle. If a totally new type of the sensor is mounted to the vehicle,the system software would have to be updated to recognize and know whatto do with the information from the new sensor type. By this method, theconfiguration and quantity of sensing systems on a vehicle can be easilychanged and the system interrogating these sensors need only be updatedwith software upgrades which could occur automatically over theInternet.

Preferred tire-monitoring sensors for use with this invention use thesurface acoustic wave (SAW) technology. A radio frequency interrogatingsignal is sent to all of the tire gages simultaneously and the receivedsignal at each tire gage is sensed using an antenna. The antenna isconnected to the IDT transducer that converts the electrical wave to anacoustic wave that travels on the surface of a material such as lithiumniobate, or other piezoelectric material such as zinc oxide, Langasiteor the polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). During its travel on thesurface of the piezoelectric material, either the time delay, resonantfrequency, amplitude, or phase of the signal (or even possiblycombinations thereof) is modified based on the temperature and/orpressure in the tire. This modified wave is sensed by one or more IDTtransducers and converted back to a radio frequency wave that is used toexcite an antenna for re-broadcasting the wave back to interrogator. Theinterrogator receives the wave at a time delay after the originaltransmission that is determined by the geometry of the SAW transducerand decodes this signal to determine the temperature and/or pressure inthe subject tire. By using slightly different geometries for each of thetire monitors, slightly different delays can be achieved and randomizedso that the probability of two sensors having the same delay is small.The interrogator transfers the decoded information to a centralprocessor that then determines whether the temperature and/or pressureof each of the tires exceed specifications. If so, a warning light canbe displayed informing the vehicle driver of the condition. In somecases, this random delay is all that is required to separate the fivetire signals and to identify which tires are on the vehicle and thusignore responses from adjacent vehicles.

With an accelerometer mounted in the tire, as is the case for thegeneration 3 system, information is present to diagnose other tireproblems. For example, when the steel belt wears through the rubbertread, it will make a distinctive noise and create a distinctivevibration when it contacts the pavement. This can be sensed by the SAWaccelerometer. The interpretation of various such signals can be doneusing neural network technology. Similar systems are described moredetail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,782, incorporated by reference herein. Asthe tread begins to separate from the tire as in the Bridgestone cases,a distinctive vibration is created which can also be sensed by atire-mounted accelerometer.

As the tire rotates, stresses are created in the rubber tread surfacebetween the center of the footprint and the edges. If the coefficient offriction on the pavement is low, these stresses can cause the shape ofthe footprint to change. The generation 3 system, which measures thecircumferential length of the footprint, can therefore also be used tomeasure the friction coefficient between the tire and the pavement.

Similarly, the same or a different interrogator can be used to monitorvarious components of the vehicle's safety system including occupantposition sensors, vehicle acceleration sensors, vehicle angularposition, velocity and acceleration sensors, related to both frontal,side or rear impacts as well as rollover conditions. The interrogatorcould also be used in conjunction with other detection devices such asweight sensors, temperature sensors, accelerometers which are associatedwith various systems in the vehicle to enable such systems to becontrolled or affected based on the measured state.

Some specific examples of the use of interrogators and responsivedevices will now be described.

The antennas used for interrogating the vehicle tire pressuretransducers will be located outside of the vehicle passengercompartment. For many other transducers to be sensed the antennas mustbe located at various positions within passenger compartment. Thisinvention contemplates, therefore, a series of different antennasystems, which can be electronically switched by the interrogatorcircuitry. Alternately, in some cases, all of the antennas can be leftconnected and total transmitted power increased.

There are several applications for weight or load measuring devices in avehicle including the vehicle suspension system and seat weight sensorsfor use with automobile safety systems. As reported in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,096,740, 4,623,813, 5,585,571, 5,663,531, 5,821,425 and 5,910,647 andInternational Publication No. WO 00/65320(A1), all of which areincorporated by reference herein to the extent the disclosure of thesepublications is necessary, SAW devices are appropriate candidates forsuch weight measurement systems. In this case, the surface acoustic wayon the lithium niobate, or other piezoelectric material, is modified indelay time, resonant frequency, amplitude and/or phase based on strainof the member upon which the SAW device is mounted. For example, theconventional bolt that is typically used to connect the passenger seatto the seat adjustment slide mechanism can be replaced with a stud whichis threaded on both ends. A SAW strain device is mounted to the centerunthreaded section of the stud and the stud is attached to both the seatand the slide mechanism using appropriate threaded nuts. Based on theparticular geometry of the SAW device used, the stud can result in aslittle as a 3 mm upward displacement of the seat compared to a normalbolt mounting system. No wires are required to attach the SAW device tothe stud. The interrogator transmits a radio frequency pulse at, forexample, 925 MHz that excites antenna on the SAW strain measuringsystem. After a delay caused by the time required for the wave to travelthe length of the SAW device, a modified wave is re-transmitted to theinterrogator providing an indication of the strain of the stud with theweight of an object occupying the seat corresponding to the strain. Fora seat that is normally bolted to the slide mechanism with four bolts,at least four SAW strain sensors would be used. Since the individual SAWdevices are very small, multiple devices can be placed on a stud toprovide multiple redundant measurements, or permit bending strains to bedetermined, and/or to permit the stud to be arbitrarily located with atleast one SAW device always within direct view of the interrogatorantenna. In some cases, the bolt or stud will be made on non-conductivematerial to limit the blockage of the RF signal. In other cases, it willbe insulated from the slide (mechanism) and used as an antenna.

If two longitudinally spaced apart antennas are used to receive the SAWtransmissions from the seat weight sensors, one antenna in front of theseat and the other behind the seat, then the position of the seat can bedetermined eliminating the need for current seat position sensors. Asimilar system can be used for other seat and seatback positionmeasurements.

For strain gage weight sensing, the frequency of interrogation would beconsiderably higher than that of the tire monitor, for example. However,if the seat is unoccupied then the frequency of interrogation can besubstantially reduced. For an occupied seat, information as to theidentity and/or category and position of an occupying item of the seatcan be obtained through the multiple weight sensors described. For thisreason, and due to the fact that during the pre-crash event the positionof an occupying item of the seat may be changing rapidly, interrogationsas frequently as once every 10 milliseconds can be desirable. This wouldalso enable a distribution of the weight being applied to the seat to beobtained which provides an estimation of the position of the objectoccupying the seat. Using pattern recognition technology, e.g., atrained neural network, sensor fusion, fuzzy logic, etc., theidentification of the object can be ascertained based on the determinedweight and/or determined weight distribution.

There are many other methods by which SAW devices can be used todetermine the weight and/or weight distribution of an occupying itemother than the method described above and all such uses of SAW strainsensors for determining the weight and weight distribution of anoccupant are contemplated. For example, SAW devices with appropriatestraps can be used to measure the deflection of the seat cushion top orbottom caused by an occupying item, or if placed on the seat belts, theload on the belts can determined wirelessly and powerlessly. Geometriessimilar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,701 (which disclosesmultiple strain gage geometries, the entire disclosure of this patent isincorporated by reference herein to the extent the disclosure isnecessary) using SAW strain-measuring devices can also be constructed,e.g., any of the multiple strain gage geometries shown therein.

Although a preferred method for using the invention is to interrogateeach of the SAW devices using wireless means, in some cases it may bedesirable to supply power to and/or obtain information from one or moreof the devices using wires. As such, the wires would be an optionalfeature.

One advantage of the weight sensors of this invention along with thegeometries disclosed in the '701 patent and herein below, is that inaddition to the axial stress in the seat support, the bending moments inthe structure can be readily determined. For example, if a seat issupported by four “legs”, it is possible to determine the state ofstress, assuming that axial twisting can be ignored, using four straingages on each leg support for a total of 16 such gages. If the seat issupported by three legs, then this can be reduced to 12. Naturally, athree-legged support is preferable than four since with four, the seatsupport is over-determined severely complicating the determination ofthe stress caused by an object on the seat. Even with three supports,stresses can be introduced depending on the nature of the support at theseat rails or other floor-mounted supporting structure. If simplesupports are used that do not introduce bending moments into thestructure, then the number of gages per seat can be reduced to threeproviding a good model of the seat structure is available.Unfortunately, this is usually not the case and most seats have foursupports and the attachments to the vehicle not only introduce bendingmoments into the structure but these moments vary from one position toanother and with temperature. The SAW strain gages of this inventionlend themselves to the placement of multiple gages onto each support asneeded to approximately determine the state of stress and thus theweight of the occupant depending on the particular vehicle application.Furthermore, the wireless nature of these gages greatly simplifies theplacement of such gages at those locations that are most appropriate.

One additional point should be mentioned. In many cases, thedetermination of the weight of an occupant from the static strain gagereadings yields inaccurate results due to the indeterminate stress statein the support structure. However, the dynamic stresses to a first orderare independent of the residual stress state. Thus, the change in stressthat occurs as a vehicle travels down a roadway caused by dips in theroadway can provide an accurate measurement of the weight of an objectin a seat. This is especially true if an accelerometer is used tomeasure the vertical excitation provided to the seat.

Some vehicle models provide load leveling and ride control functionsthat depend on the magnitude and distribution of load carried by thevehicle suspension. Frequently, wire strain gage technology is used forthese functions. That is, the wire strain gages are used to sense theload and/or load distribution of the vehicle on the vehicle suspensionsystem. Such strain gages can be advantageously replaced with straingages based on SAW technology with the significant advantages in termsof cost, wireless monitoring, dynamic range, and signal level. Inaddition, SAW strain gage systems can be significantly more accuratethan wire strain gage systems.

A strain detector in accordance with this invention can convertmechanical strain to variations in electrical 'signal frequency with alarge dynamic range and high accuracy even for very small displacements.The frequency variation is produced through use of a surface acousticwave delay line as the frequency control element of an oscillator. Asurface acoustic wave delay line comprises a transducer deposited on apiezoelectric material such as quartz or lithium niobate which isdisposed so as to be deformed by strain in the member which is to bemonitored. Deformation of the piezoelectric substrate changes thefrequency control characteristics of the surface acoustic wave delayline, thereby changing the frequency of the oscillator. Consequently,the oscillator frequency change is a measure of the strain in the memberbeing monitored and thus the weight applied to the seat. A SAW straintransducer is capable of a degree of accuracy substantially greater thanthat of a conventional resistive strain gage.

Other applications of weight measuring systems for an automobile includemeasuring the weight of the fuel tank or other containers of fluid todetermine quantity of fluid contained therein.

One problem with SAW devices is that if they are designed to operate atthe GHz frequency, the feature sizes become exceeding small and thedevices are difficult to manufacture. On the other hand, if thefrequencies are considerably lower, for example, in the tens ofmegahertz range, then the antenna sizes become excessive. It is alsomore difficult to obtain antenna gain at the lower frequencies. This isalso related to antenna size. One method of solving this problem is totransmit an interrogation signal in the many GHz range which ismodulated at the hundred MHz range. At the SAW transducer, thetransducer is tuned to the modulated frequency. Using a nonlinear devicesuch as a Shocky diode, the modified signal can be mixed with theincoming high frequency signal and re-transmitted through the sameantenna. For this case, the interrogator could continuously broadcastthe carrier frequency.

In addition to measuring the weight of an occupying item on a seat, thelocation of the seat and setback can also be determined by theinterrogator. Since the SAW devices inherently create a delayed returnsignal, either that delay must be very accurately known or an alternateapproach is required. One such alternate approach is to use theheterodyne principal described above to cause the antenna to return asignal of a different frequency. By comparing the phases of the sendingand received signal, the distance to the device can be determined. Also,as discussed above, multiple antennas can be used for seat position andseatback position sensing.

With respect to switches, devices based on RFID technology can be usedas switches in a vehicle as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,078,252 and6,144,288, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/231,378all of which are incorporated by reference herein. There are many waysthat it can be accomplished. A switch can be used to connect an antennato either an RFID electronic device or to an RFID SAW device. This ofcourse requires contacts to the closed by the switch activation. Analternate approach is to use pressure from an occupant's finger, forexample, to alter the properties of the acoustic wave on the SAWmaterial much as in a SAW touch screen. These properties that can bemodified include the amplitude of the acoustic wave, and its phase,and/or the time delay or an external impedance connected to one of theSAW reflectors as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,503, incorporated byreference herein. In this implementation, the SAW transducer can containtwo sections, one which is modified by the occupant and the other whichserves as a reference. A combined signal is sent to the interrogatorthat decodes the signal to determine that the switch has been activated.By any of these technologies, switches can be arbitrarily placed withinthe interior of an automobile, for example, without the need for wires.(The wires would be an optional feature.) Since wires and connectors arethe clause of most warranty repairs in an automobile, not only is thecost of switches substantially reduced but also the reliability of thevehicle electrical system is substantially improved.

The interrogation of switches can take place with moderate frequencysuch as once every 100 milliseconds. Either through the use of differentfrequencies or different delays, a large number of switches can beeither time, code, space or frequency multiplexed to permit separationof the signals obtained by the interrogator.

Another approach is to attach a variable impedance device across one ofthe reflectors on the SAW device. The impedance can therefore used todetermine the relative reflection from the reflector compared to otherreflectors on the SAW device. In this way, the magnitude as well as thepresence of a force exerted by an occupant's finger, for example, can beused to provide a rate sensitivity to the desired function. In analternate design, as shown U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,288, incorporated byreference herein, the switch is used to connect the antenna to the SAWdevice. Of course, in this case the interrogator will not get a returnfrom the SAW switch unless it is depressed.

Temperature measurement is another field in which SAW technology can beapplied and the invention encompasses several embodiments of SAWtemperature sensors.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,249,418, incorporated by reference herein, is one ofmany examples of prior art SAW temperature sensors. Temperature sensorsare commonly used within vehicles and many more applications might existif a low cost wireless temperature sensor is available, i.e., theinvention. The SAW technology can be used for such temperature sensingtasks. These tasks include measuring the vehicle coolant temperature,air temperature within passenger compartment at multiple locations, seattemperature for use in conjunction with seat warming and coolingsystems, outside temperatures and perhaps tire surface temperatures toprovide early warning to operators of road freezing conditions. Oneexample, is to provide air temperature sensors in the passengercompartment in the vicinity of ultrasonic transducers used in occupantsensing systems as described in the current assignee's U.S. Pat. No.5,943,295 (Varga et al.), incorporated by reference herein, since thespeed of sound in the air varies by approximately 20% from −40° C. to85° C. The subject matter of this patent is included in the invention toform a part thereof. Current ultrasonic occupant sensor systems do notmeasure or compensate for this change in the speed of sound with theeffect of significantly reducing the accuracy of the systems at thetemperature extremes. Through the judicious placement of SAW temperaturesensors in the vehicle, the passenger compartment air temperature can beaccurately estimated and the information provided wirelessly to theultrasonic occupant sensor system thereby permitting corrections to bemade for the change in speed of sound.

Acceleration sensing is another field in which SAW technology can beapplied and the invention encompasses several embodiments of SAWaccelerometers.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,199,990, 4,306,456 and 4,549,436, all of which areincorporated by reference herein, are examples of prior art SAWaccelerometers. Most airbag crash sensors for determining whether thevehicle is experiencing a frontal or side impact currently usemicromachined accelerometers. These accelerometers are usually based onthe deflection of a mass which is sensed using either capacitive orpiezoresistive technologies. SAW technology has heretofore not been usedas a vehicle accelerometer or for vehicle crash sensing. Due to theimportance of this function, at least one interrogator could bededicated to this critical function. Acceleration signals from the crashsensors should be reported at least preferably every 100 microseconds.In this case, the dedicated interrogator would send an interrogationpulse to all crash sensor accelerometers every 100 microseconds andreceive staggered acceleration responses from each of the SAWaccelerometers wirelessly. This technology permits the placement ofmultiple low-cost accelerometers at ideal locations for crash sensingincluding inside the vehicle side doors, in the passenger compartmentand in the frontal crush zone. Additionally crash sensors can now belocated in the rear of the vehicle in the crush zone to sense rearimpacts. Since the acceleration data is transmitted wirelessly, concernabout the detachment or cutting of wires from the sensors disappears.One of the main concerns, for example, of placing crash sensors in thevehicle doors where they most appropriately can sense vehicle sideimpacts, is the fear that an impact into the A-pillar of the automobilewould sever the wires from the door-mounted crash sensor before thecrash was sensed. This problem disappears with the current wirelesstechnology of this invention. If two accelerometers are placed at somedistance from each other, the roll rate of the vehicle can be determinedand thus the tendency of the vehicle to rollover can be predicted intime to automatically take corrective action and/or deploy a curtainairbag or other airbag(s).

Although the sensitivity of measurement is considerably greater thanthat obtained with conventional piezoelectric accelerometers, thefrequency deviation remains low in absolute value. Accordingly, thefrequency drift of thermal origin has to be made as low as possible byselecting a suitable cut of the piezoelectric material. The resultingaccuracy is impressive as presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,549,436,incorporated by reference herein, which discloses an angularaccelerometer with a dynamic a range of 1 million, temperaturecoefficient of 0.005%/deg F, an accuracy of 1 microradian/sec², a powerconsumption of 1 milliwatt, a drift of 0.01% per year, a volume of 1cc/axis and a frequency response of 0 to 1000 Hz. The subject matter ofthis patent is hereby included in the invention to constitute a part ofthe invention. A similar design can be used for acceleration sensing.

In a similar manner as the polymer coated SAW device is used to measurepressure, a similar device wherein a seismic mass is attached to a SAWdevice through a polymer interface can be made to sense acceleration.This geometry has a particular advantage for sensing accelerations below1 G, which has proved to be very difficult in conventional micromachinedaccelerometers due to their inability to both measure low accelerationsand withstand shocks.

Gyroscopes are another field in which SAW technology can be applied andthe invention encompasses several embodiments of SAW gyroscopes.

The SAW technology is particularly applicable for gyroscopes asdescribed in International Publication No. WO 00/79217A2 to Varadan etal. The output of such gyroscopes can be determined with an interrogatorthat is also used for the crash sensor accelerometers, or a dedicatedinterrogator can be used. Gyroscopes having an accuracy of approximately1 degree per second have many applications in a vehicle including skidcontrol and other dynamic stability functions. Additionally, gyroscopesof similar accuracy can be used to sense impending vehicle rolloversituations in time to take corrective action.

SAW gyroscopes of the type described in WO 00/79217A2 have thecapability of achieving accuracies approaching 3 degrees per hour. Thishigh accuracy permits use of such gyroscopes in an inertial measuringunit (IMU) that can be used with accurate vehicle navigation systems andautonomous vehicle control based on differential GPS corrections. Such asystem is described in the current assignee's U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/177,041. Such navigation systems depend on the availabilityof four or more GPS satellites and an accurate differential correctionsignal such as provided by the OmniStar Corporation or NASA or throughthe National Differential GPS system now being deployed. Theavailability of these signals degrades in urban canyon environments,tunnels, and on highways when the vehicle is in the vicinity of largetrucks. For this application, an IMU system should be able to accuratelycontrol the vehicle for perhaps 15 seconds and preferably for up to fiveminutes. An IMU based on SAW technology or the technology of U.S. Pat.No. 4,549,436 discussed above are the best-known devices capable ofproviding sufficient accuracies for this application at a reasonablecost. Other accurate gyroscope technologies such as fiber optic systemsare more accurate but can cost many thousands of dollars. In contrast,in high volume production, an IMU of the required accuracy based on SAWtechnology should cost less than $100.

Once an IMU of the accuracy described above is available in the vehicle,this same device can be used to provide significant improvements tovehicle stability control and rollover prediction systems.

Keyless entry systems are another field in which SAW technology can beapplied and the invention encompasses several embodiments of accesscontrol systems using SAW devices.

A common use of SAW technology is for access control to buildings. RFIDtechnology using electronics is also applicable for this purpose;however, the range of electronic RFID technology is usually limited toone meter or less. In contrast, the SAW technology can permit sensing upto about 30 meters. As a keyless entry system, an automobile can beconfigured such that the doors unlock as the holder of a card containingthe SAW ID system approaches the vehicle and similarly, the vehicledoors can be automatically locked when occupant with the card travelsbeyond a certain distance from the vehicle. When the occupant enters thevehicle, the doors can again automatically lock either through logic orthrough a current system wherein doors automatically lock when thevehicle is placed in gear. An occupant with such a card would also notneed to have an ignition key. The vehicle would recognize that the SAWbased card was inside vehicle and then permit the vehicle to be startedby issuing an oral command if a voice recognition system is present orby depressing a button, for example, without the need for an ignitionkey.

Occupant presence and position sensing is another field in which SAWtechnology can be applied and the invention encompasses severalembodiments of SAW occupant presence and/or position sensors.

Many sensing systems are available for the use to identify and locateoccupants or other objects in a passenger compartment of the vehicle.Such sensors include ultrasonic sensors, chemical sensors (e.g. carbondioxide), cameras, radar systems, heat sensors, capacitance, magnetic orother field change sensors, etc. Most of these sensors require power tooperate and return information to a central processor for analysis. Anultrasonic sensor, for example, may be mounted in or near the headlinerof the vehicle and periodically it transmits a few ultrasonic waves andreceives reflections of these waves from occupying items of thepassenger seat. Current systems on the market are controlled byelectronics in a dedicated ECU.

An alternate method as taught in this invention is to use aninterrogator to send a signal to the headliner-mounted ultrasonic sensorcausing that sensor to transmit and receive ultrasonic waves. The sensorin this case would perform mathematical operations on the received wavesand create a vector of data containing perhaps twenty to forty valuesand transmit that vector wirelessly to the interrogator. By means ofthis system, the ultrasonic sensor need only be connected to the vehiclepower system and the information could be transferred to and from thesensor wirelessly. Such a system significantly reduces the wiringcomplexity especially when there may be multiple such sensorsdistributed in the passenger compartment. Now, only a power wire needsto be attached to the sensor and there does not need to be any directconnection between the sensor and the control module. Naturally, thesame philosophy would apply to radar-based sensors, electromagneticsensors of all kinds including cameras, capacitive or otherelectromagnetic field change sensitive sensors etc. In some cases, thesensor itself can operate on power supplied by the interrogator throughradio frequency transmission. In this case, even the connection to thepower line can be omitted. This principle can be extended to the largenumber of sensors and actuators that are currently in the vehicle wherethe only wires that are needed are those to supply power to the sensorsand actuators and the information is supplied wirelessly.

Such wireless powerless sensors can also be use, for example, as closeproximity sensors based on measurement of thermal radiation from anoccupant. Such sensors can be mounted on any of the surfaces in thepassenger compartment, including the seats, which are likely to receivesuch radiation.

A significant number of people are suffocated each year in automobilesdue to excessive heat, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or otherdangerous fumes. The SAW sensor technology is particularly applicable tosolving these kinds of problems. The temperature measurementcapabilities of SAW transducers have been discussed above. If thesurface of a SAW device is covered with a material which captures carbondioxide, for example, such that the mass, elastic constants or otherproperty of surface coating changes, the characteristics of the surfaceacoustic waves can be modified as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No.4,637,987 and elsewhere. Once again, an interrogator can sense thecondition of these chemical-sensing sensors without the need to supplypower and connect the sensors with either wireless communication orthrough the power wires. If a concentration of carbon monoxide issensed, for example, an alarm can be sounded, the windows opened, and/orthe engine extinguished. Similarly, if the temperature within thepassenger compartment exceeds a certain level, the windows can beautomatically opened a little to permit an exchange of air reducing theinside temperature and thereby perhaps saving the life of an infant orpet left in the vehicle unattended.

In a similar manner, the coating of the surface wave device can containa chemical which is responsive to the presence of alcohol. In this case,the vehicle can be prevented from operating when the concentration ofalcohol vapors in the vehicle exceeds some determined limit.

Each year a number of children and animals are killed when they arelocked into a vehicle trunk. Since children and animals emit significantamounts of carbon dioxide, a carbon dioxide sensor connected to thevehicle system wirelessly and powerlessly provides an economic way ofdetecting the presence of a life form in the trunk. If a life form isdetected, then a control system can release a trunk lock thereby openingthe trunk. Alarms can also be sounded or activated when a life form isdetected in the trunk.

Although they will not be discussed in detail, SAW sensors operating inthe wireless mode can also be used to sense for ice on the windshield orother exterior surfaces of the vehicle, condensation on the inside ofthe windshield or other interior surfaces, rain sensing, heat loadsensing and many other automotive sensing functions. They can also beused to sense outside environmental properties and states includingtemperature, humidity, etc.

SAW sensors can be economically used to measure the temperature andhumidity at numerous places both inside and outside of a vehicle. Whenused to measure humidity inside the vehicle, a source of water vapor canbe activated to increase the humanity when desirable and the airconditioning system can be activated to reduce the humidity whennecessary. Temperature and humidity measurements outside of the vehiclecan be an indication of potential road icing problems. Such informationcan be used to provide early warning to a driver of potentiallydangerous conditions. Although the invention described herein is relatedto land vehicles, many of these advances are equally applicable to othervehicles such as boats, airplanes and even, in some cases, homes andbuildings. The invention disclosed herein, therefore, is not limited toautomobiles or other land vehicles.

Road condition sensing is another field in which SAW technology can beapplied and the invention encompasses several embodiments of SAW roadcondition sensors.

The temperature and moisture content of the surface of a roadway arecritical parameters in determining the icing state of the roadway.Attempts have been made to measure the coefficient of friction between atire and the roadway by placing strain gages in the tire tread.Naturally, such strain gages are ideal for the application of SAWtechnology especially since they can be interrogated wirelessly from adistance and they require no power for operation. As discussed above,SAW accelerometers can also perform this function. The measurement ofthe friction coefficient, however, is not predictive and the vehicleoperator is only able to ascertain the condition after the fact. SAWbased transducers have the capability of being interrogated as much as100 feet from the interrogator. Therefore, the judicious placement oflow-cost powerless SAW temperature and humidity sensors in or on theroadway at critical positions can provide an advance warning to vehicleoperators that road is slippery ahead. Such devices are very inexpensiveand therefore could be placed at frequent intervals along a highway.

An infrared sensor that looks down the highway in front of the vehiclecan actually measure the road temperature prior to the vehicle travelingon that part of the roadway. This system also would not give sufficientwarning if the operator waited for the occurrence of a frozen roadway.The probability of the roadway becoming frozen, on the other hand, canbe predicted long before it occurs, in most cases, by watching the trendin the temperature.

Some lateral control of the vehicle can also be obtained from SAWtransducers or electronic RFID tags placed down the center of the lane,either above the vehicles or in the roadway, for example. A vehiclehaving two receiving antennas approaching such devices, throughtriangulation, is able to determine the lateral location of the vehiclerelative to these SAW devices. If the vehicle also has an accurate mapof the roadway, the identification number associated with each suchdevice can be used to obtain highly accurate longitudinal positiondeterminations. Ultimately, the SAW devices can be placed on structuresbeside the road and perhaps on every mile or tenth of a mile marker. Ifthree antennas are used, as discussed herein, the distances to the SAWdevice can be determined.

Electronic RFID tags are also suitable for lateral and longitudinalpositioning purposes, however, the range available for electronic RFIDsystems is considerably less than that of SAW based systems. On theother hand, as taught in U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No.60/231,378, the time of flight of the RFID system can be used todetermine the distance from the vehicle to the RFID tag. Because of theinherent delay in the SAW devices and its variation with temperature,accurate distance measurement is probably not practical based on time offlight but somewhat less accurate distance measurements based onrelative time of arrival can be made. Even if the exact delay imposed bythe SAW device was accurately known at one temperature, such devices areusually reasonably sensitive to changes in temperature, hence they makegood temperature sensors, and thus the accuracy of the delay in the SAWdevice is more difficult to maintain. An interesting variation of anelectronic RFID that is particularly applicable to this and otherapplications of this invention is disclosed in A. Pohl, L. Reindl, “Newpassive sensors”, Proc. 16th IEEE Instrumentation and MeasurementTechnology Conf., IMTC/99, 1999, pp. 1251-1255, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

Many SAW devices are based on lithium niobate or similar strongpiezoelectric materials. Such materials have high thermal expansioncoefficients. An alternate material is quartz that has a very lowthermal expansion coefficient. However, its piezoelectric properties areinferior to lithium niobate. One solution to this problem is to uselithium niobate as the coupling system between the antenna and thematerial upon which the surface acoustic wave travels. In this matter,the advantages of a low thermal expansion coefficient material can beobtained while using the lithium niobate for its strong piezoelectricproperties. Other useful materials such as Langasite have propertiesthat are intermediate between lithium niobate and quartz. Note that itis also possible to use combinations of materials to achieve particularobjectives with property measurement since different materials responddifferently to different sensed properties or environments.

The use of SAW tags as an accurate precise positioning system asdescribed above would be applicable for accurate vehicle location, asdiscussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/177,041, for lanes intunnels, for example, or other cases where loss of satellite lock iscommon.

The various technologies discussed above can be used in combination. Theelectronic RFID tag can be incorporated into a SAW tag providing asingle device that provides both an instant reflection of the radiofrequency waves as well as a re-transmission at a later time. Thismarriage of the two technologies permits the strengths of eachtechnology to be exploited in the same device. For most of theapplications described herein, the cost of mounting such a tag in avehicle or on the roadway far exceeds the cost of the tag itself.Therefore, combining the two technologies does not significantly affectthe cost of implementing tags onto vehicles or roadways or sidestructures.

An alternate method to the electronic RFID tag is to simply use a radarreflector and measure the time of flight to the reflector and back. Theradar reflector can even be made of a series of reflecting surfacesdisplaced from each other to achieve some simple coding.

Another field in which SAW technology can be applied is for“ultrasound-on-a-surface” type of devices.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,681, assigned to the same assignee herein andincorporated by reference herein, describes many uses of ultrasound in atube. Many of the applications are also candidates forultrasound-on-a-surface devices. In this case, a micromachined SAWdevice will in general be replaced by a much larger structure.

Touch screens based on surface acoustic waves are well known in the art.The use of this technology for a touch pad for use with a heads-updisplay is disclosed in the current assignee's U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/645,709. The use of surface acoustic waves in either one ortwo dimensional applications has many other possible uses such as forpinch protection on window and door closing systems, crush sensing crashsensors, occupant presence detector and butt print measurement systems,generalized switches such as on the circumference or center of thesteering wheel, etc. Since these devices typically require significantlymore power than the micromachined SAW devices discussed above, most ofthese applications will require a power connection. On the other hand,the output of these devices can go through a SAW micromachined deviceor, in some other manner, be attached to an antenna and interrogatedusing a remote interrogator thus eliminating the need for a direct wirecommunication link.

One example would be to place a surface acoustic wave device on thecircumference of the steering wheel. Upon depressing a section of thisdevice, the SAW wave would be attenuated. The interrogator would notifythe acoustic wave device at one end of the device to launch an acousticwave and then monitor output from the antenna. Depending on the phase,time delay, and/or amplitude of the output wave, the interrogator wouldknow where the operator had depressed the steering wheel SAW switch andtherefore know the function desired by the operator.

Piezoelectric generators are another field in which SAW technology canbe applied and the invention encompasses several embodiments of SAWpiezoelectric generators.

An alternate approach for some applications, such as tire monitoring,where it is difficult to interrogate the SAW device as the wheel, andthus the antenna, is rotating, the transmitting power can besignificantly increased if there is a source of energy inside the tire.Many systems now use a battery but this leads to problems related tohaving to periodically replace the battery and temperature effects. Insome cases, the manufacturers recommend that the battery be replaced asoften as every 6 to 12 months. Batteries also sometimes fail to functionproperly at cold temperatures and have their life reduced when operatedat high temperatures. For these reasons, there is a strong belief that atire monitoring system should obtain its power from some source externalof the tire. Similar problems can be expected for other applications.

One novel solution to this problem is to use the flexing of the tireitself to generate electricity. If a thin film of PVDF is attached tothe tire inside and adjacent to the tread, then as the tire rotates thefilm will flex and generate electricity. This energy can then be storedon one or more capacitors and used to power the tire monitoringcircuitry. Also, since the amount of energy that is generated depends ofthe flexure of the tire, this generator can also be used to monitor thehealth of the tire in a similar manner as the generation 3 accelerometersystem described above.

As mentioned above, the transmissions from different SAW devices can betime multiplexed by varying the delay time from device to device,frequency multiplexed by varying the natural frequencies of the SAWdevices, code multiplexed by varying the identification code of the SAWdevices or space multiplexed by using multiple antennas. Considering thetime multiplexing case, varying the length of the SAW device and thusthe delay before retransmission can separate different classes ofdevices. All seat sensors can have one delay which would be differentfrom tire monitors or light switches etc.

Referring now to FIGS. 13A-36B, a first embodiment of a valve cap 10including a tire pressure monitoring system in accordance with theinvention is shown generally at 10 in FIG. 13A. A tire 1 has aprotruding, substantially cylindrical valve stem 2 which is shown in apartial cutaway view in FIG. 13A. The valve stem 2 comprises a sleeve 3and a tire valve assembly 5. The sleeve 3 of the valve stem 2 isthreaded on both its inner surface and its outer surface. The tire valveassembly 5 is arranged in the sleeve 3 and includes threads on an outersurface which are mated with the threads on the inner surface of thesleeve 3. The valve assembly 5 comprises a valve seat 4 and a valve pin6 arranged in an aperture in the valve seat 4. The valve assembly 5 isshown in the open condition in FIG. 13A whereby air flows through apassage between the valve seat 4 and the valve pin 6.

The valve cap 10 includes a substantially cylindrical body 9 and isattached to the valve stem 2 by means of threads 8 arranged on an innercylindrical surface of body 9 which are mated with the threads on theouter surface of the sleeve 3. The valve cap 10 comprises a valve pindepressor 14 arranged in connection with the body 9 and a SAW pressuresensor 11. The valve pin depressor 14 engages the valve pin 6 uponattachment of the valve cap 10 to the valve stem 2 and depresses itagainst its biasing spring, not shown, thereby opening the passagebetween the valve seat 4 and the valve pin 6 allowing air to pass fromthe interior of tire 1 into a reservoir or chamber 12 in the body 9.Chamber 12 contains the SAW pressure sensor 11 as described in moredetail below.

Pressure sensor 11 is an absolute pressure-measuring device. Itfunctions based on the principle that the increase in air pressure andthus air density in the chamber 12 increases the mass loading on a SAWdevice changing the velocity of surface acoustic wave on thepiezoelectric material. The pressure sensor 11 is therefore positionedin an exposed position in the chamber 12.

A second embodiment of a valve cap 10′ in accordance with the inventionis shown in FIG. 13B and comprises a SAW strain sensing device 15 thatis mounted onto a flexible membrane 13 attached to the body 9′ of thevalve cap 10′ and in a position in which it is exposed to the air in thechamber 12′. When the pressure changes in chamber 12′, the deflection ofthe membrane 13 changes thereby changing the stress in the SAW device15.

Strain sensor 15 is thus a differential pressure-measuring device. Itfunctions based on the principle that changes in the flexure of themembrane 13 can be correlated to changes in pressure in the chamber 12′and thus, if an initial pressure and flexure are known, the change inpressure can be determined from the change in flexure.

FIGS. 13A and 13B therefore illustrate two different methods of using aSAW sensor in a valve cap for monitoring the pressure inside a tire. Theprecise manner in which the SAW sensors 11,15 operate is discussed fullybelow but briefly, each sensor 11,15 includes an antenna and aninterdigital transducer which receives a wave via the antenna from aninterrogator which proceeds to travel along a substrate. The time inwhich the waves travel across the substrate and return to theinterdigital transducer is dependent on the temperature, the massloading on the substrate (in the embodiment of FIG. 13A) or the flexureof membrane 13 (in the embodiment of FIG. 13B). The antenna transmits areturn wave which is receives and the time delay between the transmittedand returned wave is calculated and correlated to the pressure in thechamber 12 or 12′.

Sensors 11 and 15 are electrically connected to the metal valve cap 10that is electrically connected to the valve stem 2. The valve stem 2 iselectrically isolated from the tire rim and serves as an antenna fortransmitting radio frequency electromagnetic signals from the sensors 11and 15 to a vehicle mounted interrogator, not shown, to be described indetail below. As shown in FIG. 13A., a pressure seal 16 is arrangedbetween an upper rim of the sleeve 3 and an inner shoulder of the body 9of the valve cap 10 and serves to prevent air from flowing out of thetire 1 to the atmosphere.

The speed of the surface acoustic wave on the piezoelectric substratechanges with temperature in a predictable manner as well as withpressure. For the valve cap implementations, a separate SAW device canbe attached to the outside of the valve cap and protected with a coverwhere it is subjected to the same temperature as the SAW sensors 11 or15 but is not subject to pressure or strain. This requires that eachvalve cap comprise two SAW devices, one for pressure sensing and anotherfor temperature sensing. Since the valve cap is exposed to ambienttemperature, a preferred approach is to have a single device on thevehicle which measures ambient temperature outside of the vehiclepassenger compartment. Many vehicles already have such a temperaturesensor. For those installations where access to this temperature data isnot convenient, a separate SAW temperature sensor can be mountedassociated with the interrogator antenna, as illustrated below, or someother convenient place.

Although the valve cap 10 is provided with the pressure seal 16, thereis a danger that the valve cap 10 will not be properly assembled ontothe valve stem 2 and a small quantity of the air will leak over time.FIG. 14 provides an alternate design where the SAW temperature andpressure measuring devices are incorporated into the valve stem. Thisembodiment is thus particularly useful in the initial manufacture of atire.

The valve stem assembly is shown generally at 20 and comprises a brassvalve stem 7 which contains a tire valve assembly 5. The valve stem 7 iscovered with a coating 21 of a resilient material such as rubber, whichhas been partially removed in the drawing. A metal conductive ring 22 iselectrically attached to the valve stem 7. A rubber extension 23 is alsoattached to the lower end of the valve stem 7 and contains a SAWpressure and temperature sensor 24. The SAW pressure and temperaturesensor 24 can be of at least two designs wherein the SAW sensor is usedas an absolute pressure sensor as shown in FIG. 14A or an as adifferential sensor based on membrane strain as shown in FIG. 14B.

In FIG. 14A, the SAW sensor 24 comprises a capsule 32 having an interiorchamber in communication with the interior of the tire via a passageway30. A SAW absolute pressure sensor 27 is mounted onto one side of arigid membrane or separator 31 in the chamber in the capsule 32.Separator 31 divides the interior chamber of the capsule 32 into twocompartments 25 and 26, with only compartment 25 being in flowcommunication with the interior of the tire. The SAW absolute pressuresensor 27 is mounted in compartment 25 which is exposed to the pressurein the tire through passageway 30. A SAW temperature sensor 28 isattached to the other side of the separator 31 and is exposed to thepressure in compartment 26. The pressure in compartment 26 is unaffectedby the tire pressure and is determined by the atmospheric pressure whenthe device was manufactured and the effect of temperature on thispressure. The speed of sound on the SAW temperature sensor 28 is thusaffected by temperature but not by pressure in the tire.

The operation of SAW sensors 27 and 28 is discussed elsewhere more fullybut briefly, since SAW sensor 27 is affected by the pressure in thetire, the wave which travels along the substrate is affected by thispressure and the time delay between the transmission and reception of awave can be correlated to the pressure. Similarly, since SAW sensor 28is affected by the temperature in the tire, the wave which travels alongthe substrate is affected by this temperature and the time delay betweenthe transmission and reception of a wave can be correlated to thetemperature.

FIG. 14B illustrates an alternate configuration of sensor 24 where aflexible membrane 33 is used instead of the rigid separator 31 shown inthe embodiment of FIG. 14A, and a SAW device is mounted on flexiblemember 33. In this embodiment, the SAW temperature sensor 28 is mountedto a different wall of the capsule 32. A SAW device 29 is thus affectedboth by the strain in membrane 33 and the absolute pressure in the tire.Normally, the strain effect will be much larger with a properly designedmembrane 33.

The operation of SAW sensors 28 and 29 is discussed elsewhere more fullybut briefly, since SAW sensor 28 is affected by the temperature in thetire, the wave which travels along the substrate is affected by thistemperature and the time delay between the transmission and reception ofa wave can be correlated to the temperature. Similarly, since SAW sensor29 is affected by the pressure in the tire, the wave which travels alongthe substrate is affected by this pressure and the time delay betweenthe transmission and reception of a wave can be correlated to thepressure.

In both of the embodiments shown in FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B, a separatetemperature sensor is illustrated. This has two advantages. First, itpermits the separation of the temperature effect from the pressureeffect on the SAW device. Second, it permits a measurement of tiretemperature to be recorded. Since a normally inflated tire canexperience excessive temperature caused, for example, by an overloadcondition, it is desirable to have both temperature and pressuremeasurements of each vehicle tire

The SAW devices 27, 28 and 29 are electrically attached to the valvestem 7 which again serves as an antenna to transmit radio frequencyinformation to an interrogator. This electrical connection can be madeby a wired connection; however, the impedance between the SAW devicesand the antenna may not be properly matched. An alternate approach asdescribed in Varadan, V. K. et al., “Fabrication, characterization andtesting of wireless MEMS-IDT based microaccelerometers” Sensors andActuators A 90 (2001) p. 7-19, 2001 Elsevier Netherlands, incorporatedherein by reference, is to inductively couple the SAW devices to thebrass tube.

Although an implementation into the valve stem and valve cap exampleshave been illustrated above, an alternate approach is to mount the SAWtemperature and pressure monitoring devices elsewhere within the tire.Similarly, although the tire stem in both cases above serves theantenna, in many implementations, it is preferable to have a separatelydesigned antenna mounted within or outside of the vehicle tire. Forexample, such an antenna can project into the tire from the valve stemor can be separately attached to the tire or tire rim either inside oroutside of the tire. In some cases, it can be mounted on the interior ofthe tire on the sidewall.

A more advanced embodiment of a tire monitor in accordance with theinvention is illustrated generally at 40 in FIGS. 15 and 15A. Inaddition to temperature and pressure monitoring devices as described inthe previous applications, the tire monitor assembly 40 comprises anaccelerometer of any of the types to be described below which isconfigured to measure either or both of the tangential and radialaccelerations. Tangential accelerations as used herein meanaccelerations tangent to the direction of rotation of the tire andradial accelerations as used herein mean accelerations toward or awayfrom the wheel axis. For either accelerometer case, the accelerationwill be zero when the monitor assembly 40 is closest to the road andwill be at a maximum when the monitor assembly 40 is at its maximumdistance from the road. Both accelerations will increase and decrease atall positions in between.

In FIG. 15, the tire monitor assembly 40 is cemented to the interior ofthe tire opposite the tread. In FIG. 15A, the tire monitor assembly 40is inserted into the tire opposite the tread during manufacture.

Superimposed on the acceleration signals will be vibrations introducedinto tire from road interactions and due to tread separation and otherdefects. Additionally, the presence of the nail or other object attachedto the tire will, in general, excite vibrations that can be sensed bythe accelerometers. When the tread is worn to the extent that the wirebelts 41 begin impacting the road, additional vibrations will beinduced.

Through monitoring the acceleration signals from the tangential orradial accelerometers within the tire monitor assembly 40, delamination,a worn tire condition, imbedded nails, other debris attached to the tiretread, hernias, can all be sensed. Additionally, as previouslydiscussed, the length of time that the tire tread is in contact with theroad opposite tire monitor 40 can be measured and, through a comparisonwith the total revolution time, the length of the tire footprint on theroad can be determined. This permits the load on the tire to bemeasured, thus providing an indication of excessive tire loading. Asdiscussed above, a tire can fail due to over loading even when the tireinterior temperature and pressure are within acceptable limits. Othertire monitors cannot sense such conditions.

Since the acceleration changes during the rotation of the tire, a simpleswitch containing an acceleration sensing mass can now be designed thatwould permit data transmission only during one part of the tirerotation. Such a switch can be designed, for example, such that itshorts out the antenna except when the tire is experiencing zeroacceleration at which time it permits the device to transmit data to theinterrogator. Such a system would save on battery power, for example,for powered systems and minimize bandwidth use for passive systems.

In the discussion above, the use of the tire valve stem as an antennahas been discussed. An antenna can also be placed within the tire whenthe tire sidewalls are not reinforced with steel. In some cases and forsome frequencies, it is sometimes possible to use the tire steel bead orsteel belts as an antenna, which in some cases can be coupled toinductively. Alternately, the antenna can be designed integral with thetire beads or belts and optimized and made part of the tire duringmanufacture.

Although the discussion above has centered on the use of SAW devices,the configuration of FIG. 15 can also be effectively accomplished withother pressure, temperature and accelerometer sensors. One of theadvantages of using SAW devices is that they are totally passive therebyeliminating the requirement of a battery. For the implementation of tiremonitor assembly 40, the changes in acceleration can also be used togenerate sufficient electrical energy to power a silicon microcircuit.In this configuration, additional devices, typically piezoelectricdevices, are used as a generator of electricity that can be stored inone or more conventional capacitors or ultra-capacitors. Naturally,other types of electrical generators can be used such as those based ona moving coil and a magnetic field etc. A PVDF piezoelectric polymer canalso be used to generate electrical energy based on the flexure of thetire as described below.

FIG. 16 illustrates an absolute pressure sensor based on surfaceacoustic wave (SAW) technology. A SAW absolute pressure sensor 50 has aninterdigital transducer (IDT) 51 which is connected to antenna 52. Uponreceiving an RF signal of the proper frequency, the antenna induces asurface acoustic wave in the material 53 which can be lithium niobate,quartz, zinc oxide, or other appropriate piezoelectric material. As thewave passes through a pressure sensing area 54 formed on the material53, its velocity is changed depending on the air pressure exerted on thesensing area 54. The wave is then reflected by reflectors 55 where itreturns to the IDT 51 and to the antenna 52 for retransmission back tothe interrogator. The material in the pressure sensing area 54 can be athin (such as one micron) coating of a polymer that absorbs orreversibly reacts with oxygen or nitrogen where the amount absorbeddepends on the air density.

In FIG. 16A, two additional sections of the SAW device, designated 56and 57, are provided such that the air pressure affects sections 56 and57 differently than pressure sensing area 54. This is achieved byproviding three reflectors. The three reflecting areas cause threereflected waves to appear, 59, 60 and 61 when input wave 62 is provided.The spacing between waves 59 and 60, and between waves 60 and 61provides a measure of the pressure. This construction of a pressuresensor may be utilized in the embodiments of FIGS. 13A-15 or in anyembodiment wherein a pressure measurement by a SAW device is obtained.

There are many other ways in which the pressure can be measured based oneither the time between reflections or on the frequency or phase changeof the SAW device as is well known to those skilled in the art. FIG.16B, for example, illustrates an alternate SAW geometry where only twosections are required to measure both temperature and pressure. Thisconstruction of a temperature and pressure sensor may be utilized in theembodiments of FIGS. 13A-15 or in any embodiment wherein both a pressuremeasurement and a temperature measurement by a single SAW device isobtained.

Another method where the speed of sound on a piezoelectric material canbe changed by pressure was first reported in Varadan et al.,“Local/Global SAW Sensors for Turbulence” referenced above. This,phenomenon has not been applied to solving pressure sensing problemswithin an automobile until now. The instant invention is believed to bethe first application of this principle to measuring tire pressure, oilpressure, coolant pressure, pressure in a gas tank, etc. Experiments todate, however, have been unsuccessful.

In some cases, a flexible membrane is placed loosely over the SAW deviceto prevent contaminants from affecting the SAW surface. The flexiblemembrane permits the pressure to be transferred to the SAW devicewithout subjecting the surface to contaminants. Such a flexible membranecan be used in most if not all of the embodiments described herein.

A SAW temperature sensor 60 is illustrated in FIG. 17. Since the SAWmaterial, such as lithium niobate, expands significantly withtemperature, the natural frequency of the device also changes. Thus, fora SAW temperature sensor to operate, a material for the substrate isselected which changes its properties as a function of temperature,i.e., expands. Similarly, the time delay between the insertion andretransmission of the signal also varies measurably. Since speed of asurface wave is typically 100,000 times slower then the speed of light,usually the time for the electromagnetic wave to travel to the SAWdevice and back is small in comparison to the time delay of the SAW waveand therefore the temperature is approximately the time delay betweentransmitting electromagnetic wave and its reception.

An alternate approach as illustrated in FIG. 17A is to place athermistor 62 across an interdigital transducer (IDT) 61, which is nownot shorted as it was in FIG. 17. In this case, the magnitude of thereturned pulse varies with the temperature. Thus, this device can beused to obtain two independent temperature measurements, one based ontime delay or natural frequency of the device 60 and the other based onthe resistance of the thermistor 62.

When some other property such as pressure is being measured by thedevice 65 as shown in FIG. 17B, two parallel SAW devices are commonlyused. These devices are designed so that they respond differently to oneof the parameters to be measured. Thus, SAW device 66 and SAW device 67can be designed to both respond to temperature and respond to pressure.However, SAW device 67, which contains a surface coating, will responddifferently to pressure than SAW device 66. Thus, by measuring naturalfrequency or the time delay of pulses inserted into both SAW devices 66and 67, a determination can be made of both the pressure andtemperature, for example. Naturally, the device which is renderedsensitive to pressure in the above discussion could alternately berendered sensitive to some other property such as the presence orconcentration of a gas, vapor, or liquid chemical as described in moredetail below.

An accelerometer that can be used for either radial or tangentialacceleration in the tire monitor assembly of FIG. 15 is illustrated inFIGS. 18 and 18A. The design of this accelerometer is explained indetail in Varadan, V. K. et al., “Fabrication, characterization andtesting of wireless MEMS-IDT based microaccelerometers” referencedabove, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference, andwill not be repeated herein.

A stud which is threaded on both ends and which can be used to measurethe weight of an occupant seat is illustrated in FIGS. 19A-19D. Theoperation of this device is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 09/849,558 wherein the center section of stud 101 is solid. It hasbeen discovered that sensitivity of the device can be significantlyimproved if a slotted member is used as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,539,236, which is incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 19Aillustrates a SAW strain gage 102 mounted on a substrate and attached tospan a slot 104 in a center section 105 of the stud 101. This techniquecan be used with any other strain-measuring device.

FIG. 19B is a side view of the device of FIG. 19A.

FIG. 19C illustrates use of a single hole 106 drilled off-center in thecenter section 105 of the stud 101. A single hole 106 also serves tomagnify the strain as sensed by the strain gage 102. It has theadvantage in that strain gage 102 does not need to span an open space.The amount of magnification obtained from this design, however, issignificantly less than obtained with the design of FIG. 19A.

To improve the sensitivity of the device shown in FIG. 19C, multiplesmaller holes 107 can be used as illustrated in FIG. 19D. FIG. 19E in analternate configuration showing four gages for determining the bendingmoments as well as the axial stress in the support member.

In operation, the SAW strain gage 102 receives radio frequency wavesfrom an interrogator 110 and returns electromagnetic waves via arespective antenna 103 which are delayed based on the strain sensed bystrain gage 102.

A SAW device can also be used as a wireless switch as shown in FIGS. 20Aand 20B. FIG. 20A shows a surface 120 containing a projection 122 on topof a SAW device 121. Surface material 120 could be, for example, thearmrest of an automobile, the steering wheel airbag cover, or any othersurface within the passenger compartment of an automobile or elsewhere.Projection 122 will typically be a material capable of transmittingforce to the surface of SAW device 121. As shown in FIG. 20B, aprojection 123 may be placed on top of the SAW device 124. Thisprojection 123 permits force exerted on the projection 122 to create apressure on the SAW device 124. This increased pressure changes the timedelay or natural frequency of the SAW wave traveling on the surface ofmaterial. Alternately, it can affect the magnitude of the returnedsignal. The projection 123 is typically held slightly out of contactwith the surface until forced into contact with it.

An alternate approach is to place a switch across the IDT 127 as shownin FIG. 20C. If switch 125 is open, then the device will not return asignal to the interrogator. If it is closed, than the IDT 127 will actas a reflector sending a single back to IDT 128 and thus to theinterrogator. Alternately, a switch 126 can be placed across the SAWdevice. In this case, a switch closure shorts the SAW device and nosignal is returned to the interrogator. For the embodiment of FIG. 20C,using switch 126 instead of switch 125, a standard reflector IDT wouldbe used in place of the IDT 127.

Most SAW-based accelerometers work on the principle of straining the SAWsurface and thereby changing either the time delay or natural frequencyof the system. An alternate novel accelerometer is illustrated FIG. 21Awherein a mass 130 is attached to a silicone rubber coating 131 whichhas been applied the SAW device. Acceleration of the mass in FIG. 21 inthe direction of arrow X changes the amount of rubber in contact withthe surface of the SAW device and thereby changes the damping, naturalfrequency or the time delay of the device. By this method, accuratemeasurements of acceleration below 1 G are readily obtained.Furthermore, this device can withstand high deceleration shocks withoutdamage. FIG. 21B illustrates a more conventional approach where thestrain in a beam 137 caused by the acceleration acting on a mass 136 ismeasured with a SAW strain sensor 135.

It is important to note that all of these devices have a high dynamicrange compared with most competitive technologies. In some cases, thisdynamic range can exceed 100,000. This is the direct result of the easewith which frequency and phase can be accurately measured.

A gyroscope, which is suitable for automotive applications, isillustrated in FIG. 22 and described in detail in V. K. Varadan'sInternational Application No. WO 00/79217, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. This SAW-based gyroscope hasapplicability for the vehicle navigation, dynamic control, and rolloversensing among others.

Note that any of the disclosed applications can be interrogated by thecentral interrogator of this invention and can either be powered oroperated powerlessly as described in general above. Block diagrams ofthree interrogators suitable for use in this invention are illustratedin FIGS. 23A-23C. FIG. 23A illustrates a superheterodyne circuit andFIG. 23B illustrates a dual superheterodyne circuit. FIG. 23C operatesas follows. During the burst time two frequencies, F1 and F1+F2, aresent by the transmitter after being generated by mixing using oscillatorOsc. The two frequencies are needed by the SAW transducer where they aremixed yielding F2 which is modulated by the SAW and contains theinformation. Frequency (F1+F2) is sent only during the burst time whilefrequency F1 remains on until the signal F2 returns from the SAW. Thissignal is used for mixing. The signal returned from the SAW transducerto the interrogator is F1+F2 where F2 has been modulated by the SAWtransducer. It is expected that the mixing operations will result inabout 12 db loss in signal strength.

FIG. 24 illustrates a central antenna mounting arrangement forpermitting interrogation of the tire monitors for four tires and issimilar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,728, which isincorporated by reference herein. An antenna package 200 is mounted onthe underside of the vehicle and communicates with devices 201 throughtheir antennas as described above. In order to provide for antennas bothinside (for example for weight sensor interrogation) and outside of thevehicle, another antenna assembly (not shown) can be mounted on theopposite side of the vehicle floor from the antenna assembly 200.

FIG. 24A is a schematic of the vehicle shown in FIG. 24. The antennapackage 200, which can be considered as an electronics module, containsa time domain multiplexed antenna array that sends and receives datafrom each of the five tires (including the spare tire), one at a time.It comprises a microstrip or stripline antenna array and amicroprocessor on the circuit board The antennas that face each tire arein an X configuration so that the transmissions to and from the tire canbe accomplished regardless of the tire rotation angle.

Based on the frequency and power available, and on FCC limitations, SAWdevices can be designed to permit transmission distances of up to 100feet or more. Since SAW devices can measure both temperature andhumidity, they are also capable of monitoring road conditions in frontof and around a vehicle. Thus, a properly equipped vehicle can determinethe road conditions prior to entering a particular road section if suchSAW devices are embedded in the road surface or on mounting structuresclose to the road surface as shown at 279 in FIG. 25. Such devices couldprovide advance warning of freezing conditions, for example. Although at60 miles per hour, such devices may only provide a one second warning,this can be sufficient to provide information to a driver to preventdangerous skidding. Additionally, since the actual temperature andhumidity can be reported, the driver will be warned prior to freezing ofthe road surface. SAW device 279 is shown in detail in FIG. 25A.

If a SAW device 283 is placed in a roadway, as illustrated in FIG. 26,and if a vehicle 290 has two receiving antennas 280 and 281, aninterrogator can transmit a signal from either of the two antennas andat a later time, the two antennas will receive the transmitted signalfrom the SAW device. By comparing the arrival time of the two receivedpulses, the position of vehicle on a lane can precisely determined(since the direction from each antenna 280,281 to the SAW device 283 canbe calculated). If the SAW device 283 has an identification code encodedinto the returned signal generated thereby, then the vehicle 290 candetermine, providing a precise map is available, its position on thesurface of the earth. If another antenna 286 is provided, for example,at the rear of the vehicle 290 then the longitudinal position of thevehicle can also be accurately determined as the vehicle passes the SAWdevice 283. Of course the SAW device 283 need not be in the center ofthe road. Alternate locations for positioning of the SAW device 283 areon overpasses above the road and on poles such as 284 and 285 on theroadside. Such a system has an advantage over a competing system usingradar and reflectors in that it is easier to measure the relative timebetween the two received pulses than it is to measure time of flight ofa radar signal to a reflector and back. Such a system operates in allweather conditions and is known as a precise location system. Eventuallysuch a SAW device 283 can be placed every tenth of a mile along theroadway or at some other appropriate spacing.

If a vehicle is being guided by a DGPS and accurate map system such asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 09/679,317 filed Oct. 4,2000, which is incorporated by reference herein, a problem arises whenthe GPS receiver system looses satellite lock as would happen when thevehicle enters a tunnel, for example. If a precise location system asdescribed above is placed at the exit of the tunnel then the vehiclewill know exactly where it is and can re-establish satellite lock in aslittle as one second rather than typically 15 seconds as might otherwisebe required. Other methods making use of the cell phone system can beused to establish an approximate location of the vehicle suitable forrapid acquisition of satellite lock as described in G. M. Djuknic, R. E.Richton “Geolocation and Assisted GPS”, Computer Magazine, February2001, IEEE Computer Society, which is incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

More particularly, geolocation technologies that rely exclusively onwireless networks such as time of arrival, time difference of arrival,angle of arrival, timing advance, and multipath fingerprinting offer ashorter time-to-first-fix (TTFF) than GPS. They also offer quickdeployment and continuous tracking capability for navigationapplications, without the added complexity and cost of upgrading orreplacing any existing GPS receiver in vehicles. Compared to eithermobile-station-based, stand-alone GPS or network-based geolocation,assisted-GPS (AGPS) technology offers superior accuracy, availability,and coverage at a reasonable cost. AGPS for use with vehicles wouldcomprise a communications unit with a partial GPS receiver arranged inthe vehicle, an AGPS server with a reference GPS receiver that cansimultaneously “see” the same satellites as the communications unit, anda wireless network infrastructure consisting of base stations and amobile switching center. The network can accurately predict the GPSsignal the communication unit will receive and convey that informationto the mobile, greatly reducing search space size and shortening theTTFF from minutes to a second or less. In addition, an AGPS receiver inthe communication unit can detect and demodulate weaker signals thanthose that conventional GPS receivers require. Because the networkperforms the location calculations, the communication unit only needs tocontain a scaled-down GPS receiver. It is accurate within about 15meters when they are outdoors, an order of magnitude more sensitive thanconventional GPS.

Since an AGPS server can obtain the vehicle's position from the mobileswitching center, at least to the level of cell and sector, and at thesame time monitor signals from GPS satellites seen by mobile stations,it can predict the signals received by the vehicle for any given time.Specifically, the server can predict the Doppler shift due to satellitemotion of GPS signals received by the vehicle, as well as other signalparameters that are a function of the vehicle's location. In a typicalsector, uncertainty in a satellite signal's predicted time of arrival atthe vehicle is about ±5 ps, which corresponds to ±5 chips of the GPScoarse acquisition (C/A) code. Therefore, an AGPS server can predict thephase of the pseudorandom noise (PRN) sequence that the receiver shoulduse to despread the C/A signal from a particular satellite—each GPSsatellite transmits a unique PRN sequence used for rangemeasurements—and communicate that prediction to the vehicle. The searchspace for the actual Doppler shift and PRN phase is thus greatlyreduced, and the AGPS receiver can accomplish the task in a fraction ofthe time required by conventional GPS receivers. Further, the AGPSserver maintains a connection with the vehicle receiver over thewireless link, so the requirement of asking the communication unit tomake specific measurements, collect the results, and communicate themback is easily met. After despreading and some additional signalprocessing, an AGPS receiver returns back “pseudoranges” —that is,ranges measured without taking into account the discrepancy betweensatellite and receiver clocks—to the AGPS server, which then calculatesthe vehicle's location. The vehicle can even complete the location fixitself without returning any data to the server.

Sensitivity assistance, also known as modulation wipe-off, providesanother enhancement to detection of GPS signals in the vehicle'sreceiver. The sensitivity-assistance message contains predicted databits of the GPS navigation message, which are expected to modulate theGPS signal of specific satellites at specified times. The mobile stationreceiver can therefore remove bit modulation in the received GPS signalprior to coherent integration. By extending coherent integration beyondthe 20-ms GPS data-bit period—to a second or more when the receiver isstationary and to 400 ms when it is fast-moving-this approach improvesreceiver sensitivity. Sensitivity assistance provides an additional3-to-4-dB improvement in receiver sensitivity. Because some of the gainprovided by the basic assistance—code phases and Doppler shift values—islost when integrating the GPS receiver chain into a mobile system, thiscan prove crucial to making a practical receiver.

Achieving optimal performance of sensitivity assistance in TIA/EIA-95CDMA systems is relatively straightforward because base stations andmobiles synchronize with GPS time. Given that global system for mobilecommunication (GSM), time division multiple access (TDMA), or advancedmobile phone service (AMPS) systems do not maintain such stringentsynchronization, implementation of sensitivity assistance and AGPStechnology in general will require novel approaches to satisfy thetiming requirement. The standardized solution for GSM and TDMA adds timecalibration receivers in the field—location measurement units—that canmonitor both the wireless-system timing and GPS signals used as a timingreference.

Many factors affect the accuracy of geolocation technologies, especiallyterrain variations such as hilly versus flat and environmentaldifferences such as urban versus suburban versus rural. Other factors,like cell size and interference, have smaller but noticeable effects.Hybrid approaches that use multiple geolocation technologies appear tobe the most robust solution to problems of accuracy and coverage.

AGPS provides a natural fit for hybrid solutions because it uses thewireless network to supply assistance data to GPS receivers in vehicles.This feature makes it easy to augment the assistance-data message withlow-accuracy distances from receiver to base stations measured by thenetwork equipment. Such hybrid solutions benefit from the high densityof base stations in dense urban environments, which are hostile to GPSsignals. Conversely, rural environments—where base stations are tooscarce for network-based solutions to achieve high accuracy—provideideal operating conditions for AGPS because GPS works well there.

SAW transponders can also be placed in the license plates 287 (FIG. 26)of all vehicles at nominal cost. An appropriately equipped automobilecan then determine the angular location of vehicles in its vicinity. Ifa third antenna 286 is placed at the center of the vehicle front, thenan indication of the distance to a license plate of a preceding vehiclecan also be obtained as described above. Thus, once again, a singleinterrogator coupled with multiple antenna systems can be used for manyfunctions. Alternately, if more than one SAW transponders is placedspaced apart on a vehicle and if two antennas are on the other vehicle,then the direction and position of the SAW vehicle can be determined bythe receiving vehicle.

A general SAW temperature and pressure gage which can be wireless andpowerless is shown generally at 300 located in the sidewall 310 of afluid container 320 in FIG. 27. A pressure sensor 301 is located on theinside of the container 320, where it measures deflection of thecontainer wall, and the fluid temperature sensor 302 on the outside. Thetemperature measuring SAW 300 can be covered with an insulating materialto avoid influence from the ambient temperature outside of the container320.

A SAW load sensor can also be used to measure load in the vehiclesuspension system powerless and wirelessly as shown in FIG. 28. FIG. 28Aillustrates a strut 315 such as either of the rear struts of the vehicleof FIG. 28. A coil spring 320 stresses in torsion as the vehicleencounters disturbances from the road and this torsion can be measuredusing SAW strain gages as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,571 formeasuring the torque in shafts. This concept is also disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,714,695. The disclosures of both patents are incorporatedherein by reference. The use of SAW strain gages to measure thetorsional stresses in a spring, as shown in FIG. 28B, and in particularin an automobile suspension spring has, to the knowledge of theinventors, not been heretofore disclosed. In FIG. 28B, the strainmeasured by SAW strain gage 322 is subtracted from the strain measuredby SAW strain gage 321 to get the temperature compensated strain inspring 320.

Since a portion of the dynamic load is also carried by the shockabsorber, the SAW strain gages 321 and 322 will only measure the steadyor average load on the vehicle. However, additional SAW strain gages 325can be placed on a piston rod 326 of the shock absorber to obtain thedynamic load. These load measurements can then be used for active orpassive vehicle damping or other stability control purposes.

FIG. 29 illustrates a vehicle passenger compartment, and the enginecompartment, with multiple SAW temperature sensors 330. SAW temperaturesensors are distributed throughout the passenger compartment, such as onthe A-pillar, on the B-pillar, on the steering wheel, on the seat, onthe ceiling, on the headliner, and on the rear glass and generally inthe engine compartment. These sensors, which can be independently codedwith different IDs and different delays, can provide an accuratemeasurement of the temperature distribution within the vehicle interior.Such a system can be used to tailor the heating and air conditioningsystem based on the temperature at a particular location in thepassenger compartment. If this system is augmented with occupantsensors, then the temperature can be controlled based on seat occupancyand the temperature at that location. If the occupant sensor system isbased on ultrasonics than the temperature measurement system can be usedto correct the ultrasonic occupant sensor system for the speed of soundwithin the passenger compartment. Without such a correction, the errorin the sensing system can be as large as about 20 percent.

In one case, the SAW temperature sensor can be made from PVDF film andincorporated within the ultrasonic transducer assembly. For the 40 kHzultrasonic transducer case, for example, the SAW temperature sensorwould return the several pulses sent to drive the ultrasonic transducerto the control circuitry using the same wires used to transmit thepulses to the transducer after a delay that is proportional to thetemperature within the transducer housing. Thus a very economical devicecan add this temperature sensing function using much of the samehardware that is already present for the occupant sensing system. Sincethe frequency is low, PVDF could be fabricated into a very low costtemperature sensor for this purpose. Other piezoelectric materials couldalso be used.

Other sensors can be combined with the temperature sensors 330, or usedseparately, to measure carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, alcohol,humidity or other desired chemicals as discussed above.

The SAW temperature sensors 330 provide the temperature at theirmounting location to a processor unit 332 via an interrogator with theprocessor unit including appropriate control algorithms for controllingthe heating and air conditioning system based on the detectedtemperatures. The processor unit can control, e.g., which vents in thevehicle are open and closed, the flow rate through vents and thetemperature of air passing through the vents. In general, the processorunit can control whatever adjustable components are present or form partof the heating and air conditioning system.

As shown in FIG. 29, a child seat 334 is present on the rear vehicleseat. The child seat 334 can be fabricated with one or more RFID tags orSAW tags 336. The RFID tag(s) and SAW tag(s) can be constructed toprovide information on the occupancy of the child seat, i.e., whether achild is present, based on the weight. Also, the mere transmission ofwaves from the RFID tag(s) or SAW tag(s) on the child seat would beindicative of the presence of a child seat. The RFID tag(s) and SAWtag(s) can also be constructed to provide information about theorientation of the child seat, i.e., whether it is facing rearward orforward. Such information about the presence and occupancy of the childseat and its orientation can be used in the control of vehicularsystems, such as the vehicle airbag system. In this case, a processorwould control the airbag system and would receive information from theRFID tag(s) and SAW tag(s) via an interrogator.

There are many applications for which knowledge of the pitch and/or rollorientation of a vehicle or other object is desired. An accurate tiltsensor can be constructed using SAW devices. Such a sensor isillustrated in FIG. 30A and designated 350. This sensor 350 utilizes asubstantially planar and rectangular mass 351 and four supporting SAWdevices 352 which are sensitive to gravity. For example, the mass act todeflect a membrane on which the SAW device resides thereby straining theSAW device. Other properties can also be used for a tilt sensor such asthe direction of the earth's magnetic field. SAW devices 352 are shownarranged at the corners of the planar mass 351, but it must beunderstood that this arrangement is a preferred embodiment only and notintended to limit the invention. A fifth SAW device 353 can be providedto measure temperature. By comparing the outputs of the four SAW devices352, the pitch and roll of the automobile can be measured. This sensor350 can be used to correct errors in the SAW rate gyros described above.If the vehicle has been stationary for a period of time, the yaw SAWrate gyro can initialized to 0 and the pitch and roll SAW gyrosinitialized to a value determined by the tilt sensor of FIG. 30A. Manyother geometries of tilt sensors utilizing one or more SAW devices cannow be envisioned for automotive and other applications. In particular,an alternate preferred configuration is illustrated in FIG. 30B where atriangular geometry is used. In this embodiment, the planar mass istriangular and the SAW devices 352 are arranged at the corners, althoughas with FIG. 30A, this is a non-limiting, preferred embodiment.

Either of the SAW accelerometers described above can be utilized forcrash sensors as shown in FIG. 31. These accelerometers have asubstantially higher dynamic range than competing accelerometers nowused for crash sensors such as those based on MEMS silicon springs andmasses and others based on MEMS capacitive sensing. As discussed above,this is partially a result of the use of frequency or phase shifts whichcan be easily measured over a very wide range. Additionally, manyconventional accelerometers that are designed for low accelerationranges are unable to withstand high acceleration shocks withoutbreaking. This places practical limitations on many accelerometerdesigns so that the stresses in the silicon springs are not excessive.Also for capacitive accelerometers, there is a narrow limit over whichdistance, and thus acceleration, can be measured.

The SAW accelerometer for this particular crash sensor design is housedin a container 361 which is assembled into a housing 362 and coveredwith a cover 363. This particular implementation shows a connector 364indicating that this sensor would require power and the response wouldbe provided through wires. Alternately, as discussed for other devicesabove, the connector 364 can be eliminated and the information and powerto operate the device transmitted wirelessly. Such sensors can be usedas frontal, side or rear impact sensors. They can be used in the crushzone, in the passenger compartment or any other appropriate vehiclelocation. If two such sensors are separated and have appropriatesensitive axes, then the angular acceleration of the vehicle can be alsobe determined. Thus, for example, forward-facing accelerometers mountedin the vehicle side doors can used to measure the yaw acceleration ofthe vehicle. Alternately two vertical sensitive axis accelerometers inthe side doors can be used to measure the roll acceleration of vehicle,which would be useful for rollover sensing.

Although piezoelectric SAW devices normally use rigid material such asquartz or lithium niobate, it is also possible to utilize polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) providing the frequency is low. A piece of PVDF film canalso be used as a sensor of tire flexure by itself. Such a sensor isillustrated in FIGS. 32 and 32A at 400. The output of flexure of thePVDF film can be used to supply power to a silicon microcircuit thatcontains pressure and temperature sensors. The waveform of the outputfrom the PVDF film also provides information as to the flexure of anautomobile tire and can be used to diagnose problems with the tire aswell as the tire footprint in a manner similar to the device describedin FIG. 15. In this case, however, the PVDF film supplies sufficientpower to permit significantly more transmission energy to be provided.The frequency and informational content can be made compatible with theSAW interrogator described above such that the same interrogator can beused. The power available for the interrogator, however, can besignificantly greater thus increasing the reliability and reading rangeof the system.

There is a general problem with tire pressure monitors as well assystems that attempt to interrogate passive SAW or electronic RFID typedevices in that the FCC severely limits the frequencies and radiatingpower that can be used. Once it becomes evident that these systems willeventually save many lives, the FCC can be expected to modify theirposition. In the meantime, various schemes can be used to help alleviatethis problem. The lower frequencies that have been opened for automotiveradar permit higher power to be used and they could be candidates forthe devices discussed above. It is also possible, in some cases, totransmit power on multiple frequencies and combine the received power toboost the available energy. Energy can of course be stored andperiodically used to drive circuits and work is ongoing to reduce thevoltage required to operate semiconductors. The devices of thisinvention will make use of some or all of these developments as theytake place.

If the vehicle has been at rest for a significant time period, powerwill leak from the storage capacitors and will not be available fortransmission. However, a few tire rotations are sufficient to providethe necessary energy.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/819,609, assigned to the currentassignee of this invention, provides multiple means for determining theamount of gas in a gas tank. Using the SAW pressure devices of thisinvention, multiple pressure sensors can be placed at appropriatelocations within a fuel tank to measure the fluid pressure and therebydetermine the quantity of fuel remaining in the tank. This isillustrated in FIG. 33. In this example, four SAW pressure transducers402 are placed on the bottom of the fuel tank and one SAW pressuretransducer 403 is placed at the top of the fuel tank to eliminate theeffects of vapor pressure within tank. Using neural networks, or otherpattern recognition techniques, the quantity of fuel in the tank can beaccurately determined from these pressure readings in a manner similarthat described the '609 patent application. The SAW measuring deviceillustrated in FIG. 33A combines temperature and pressure measurementsin a single unit using parallel paths 405 and 406 in the same manner asdescribed above

Occupant weight sensors can give erroneous results if the seatbelt ispulled tight pushing the occupant into the seat. This is particularly aproblem when the seatbelt is not attached to the seat. For such cases,it has been proposed to measure the tension in various parts of theseatbelt. Using conventional technology requires that such devices behard-wired into the vehicle complicating the wire harness.

With reference to FIG. 34, using a SAW strain gage as described above,the tension in the seat belt 500 can be measured without the requirementof power or signal wires. FIG. 34 illustrates a powerless and wirelesspassive SAW strain gage based device 502 for this purpose. There aremany other places that such a device can be mounted to measure thetension in the seatbelt at one or at multiple places.

FIG. 35 illustrates another version of a tire temperature and/orpressure monitor 510. Monitor 510 may include at an inward end, any oneof the temperature transducers or sensors described above and/or any oneof the pressure transducers or sensors described above, or any one ofthe combination temperature and pressure transducers or sensorsdescribed above.

The monitor 510 has an elongate body attached through the wheel rim 513typically on the inside of the tire so that the under-vehicle mountedantenna(s) have a line of sight view of antenna 515. Monitor 510 isconnected to an inductive wire 512, which matches the output of thedevice with the antenna 515, which is part of the device assembly.Insulating material 511 surrounds the body which provides an air tightseal and prevents electrical contact with the wheel rim 513.

FIG. 36A shows a schematic of a prior art airbag module deploymentscheme in which sensors, which detect data for use in determiningwhether to deploy an airbag in the airbag module, are wired to anelectronic control unit (ECU) and a command to initiate deployment ofthe airbag in the airbag module is sent wirelessly.

By contrast, as shown in FIG. 36B, in accordance with the invention, thesensors are wireless connected to the electronic control unit and thustransmit data wirelessly. The ECU is however wired to the airbag module.

SAW sensors also have applicability to various other sectors of thevehicle, including the powertrain, chassis, and occupant comfort andconvenience. For example, SAW sensors have applicability to sensors forthe powertrain area including oxygen sensors, gear-tooth Hall effectsensors, variable reluctance sensors, digital speed and positionsensors, oil condition sensors, rotary position sensors, low pressuresensors, manifold absolute pressure/manifold air temperature (MAP/MAT)sensors, medium pressure sensors, turbo pressure sensors, knock sensors,coolant/fluid temperature sensors, and transmission temperature sensors.

SAW sensors for chassis applications include gear-tooth Hall effectsensors, variable reluctance sensors, digital speed and positionsensors, rotary position sensors, non-contact steering position sensors,and digital ABS (anti-lock braking system) sensors.

SAW sensors for the occupant comfort and convenience area includelow-pressure sensors, IVAC temperature and humidity sensors, airtemperature sensors, and oil condition sensors.

SAW sensors also have applicability such areas as controllingevaporative emissions, transmission shifting, mass air flow meters,oxygen, NOx and hydrocarbon sensors. SAW based sensors are particularlyuseful in high temperature environments where many other technologiesfail.

SAW sensors can facilitate compliance with U.S. regulations concerningevaporative system monitoring in vehicles, through a SAW fuel vaporpressure and temperature sensors that measure fuel vapor pressure withinthe fuel tank as well as temperature. If vapors leak into theatmosphere, the pressure within the tank drops. The sensor notifies thesystem of a fuel vapor leak, resulting in a warning signal to the driverand/or notification to a repair facility. This application isparticularly important since the condition within the furl tank can beascertained wirelessly reducing the chance of a fuel fire in anaccident. The same interrogator that monitors the tire pressure SAWsensors can also monitor the fuel vapor pressure and temperature sensorsresulting in significant economies.

A SAW humidity sensor can be used for measuring the relative humidityand the resulting information can be input to the engine managementsystem or the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systemfor more efficient operation. The relative humidity of the air enteringan automotive engine impacts the engine's combustion efficiency; i.e.,the ability of the spark plugs to ignite the fuel/air mixture in thecombustion chamber at the proper time. A SAW humidity sensor in thiscase can measure the humidity level of the incoming engine air, helpingto calculate a more precise fuel/air ratio for improved fuel economy andreduced emissions.

Dew point conditions are reached when the air is fully saturated withwater. When the cabin dew point temperature matches the windshield glasstemperature, water from the air condenses quickly, creating frost orfog. A SAW humidity sensor with a temperature-sensing element and awindow glass-temperature-sensing element can prevent the formation ofvisible fog formation by automatically controlling the HVAC system.

Among the inventions disclosed above is an arrangement for obtaining andconveying information about occupancy of a passenger compartment of avehicle comprises at least one wave-receiving sensor for receiving wavesfrom the passenger compartment, generating means coupled to thewave-receiving sensor(s) for generating information about the occupancyof the passenger compartment based on the waves received by thewave-receiving sensor(s) and communications means coupled to thegenerating means for transmitting the information about the occupancy ofthe passenger compartment. As such, response personnel can receive theinformation about the occupancy of the passenger compartment and respondappropriately, if necessary. There may be several wave-receiving sensorsand they may be, e.g., ultrasonic wave-receiving sensors,electromagnetic wave-receiving sensors, capacitance or electric fieldsensors, or combinations thereof. The information about the occupancy ofthe passenger compartment can include the number of occupants in thepassenger compartment, as well as whether each occupant is movingnon-reflexively and breathing. A transmitter may be provided fortransmitting waves into the passenger compartment such that eachwave-receiving sensor receives waves transmitted from the transmitterand modified by passing into and at least partially through thepassenger compartment. One or more memory units may be coupled to thegenerating means for storing the information about the occupancy of thepassenger compartment and to the communications means. Thecommunications means then can interrogate the memory unit(s) upon acrash of the vehicle to thereby obtain the information about theoccupancy of the passenger compartment. In one particularly usefulembodiment, means for determining the health state of at least oneoccupant are provided, e.g., a heartbeat sensor, a motion sensor such asa micropower impulse radar sensor for detecting motion of the at leastone occupant and motion sensor for determining whether the occupant(s)is/are breathing, and coupled to the communications means. Thecommunications means can interrogate the health state determining meansupon a crash of the vehicle to thereby obtain and transmit the healthstate of the occupant(s). The health state determining means can alsocomprise a chemical sensor for analyzing the amount of carbon dioxide inthe passenger compartment or around the at least one occupant or fordetecting the presence of blood in the passenger compartment. Movementof the occupant can be determined by monitoring the weight distributionof the occupant(s), or an analysis of waves from the space occupied bythe occupant(s). Each wave-receiving sensor generates a signalrepresentative of the waves received thereby and the generating meansmay comprise a processor for receiving and analyzing the signal from thewave-receiving sensor in order to generate the information about theoccupancy of the passenger compartment. The processor can comprisepattern recognition means for classifying an occupant of the seat sothat the information about the occupancy of the passenger compartmentincludes the classification of the occupant. The wave-receiving sensormay be a micropower impulse radar sensor adapted to detect motion of anoccupant whereby the motion of the occupant or absence of motion of theoccupant is indicative of whether the occupant is breathing. As such,the information about the occupancy of the passenger compartmentgenerated by the generating means is an indication of whether theoccupant is breathing. Also, the wave-receiving sensor may generate asignal representative of the waves received thereby and the generatingmeans receive this signal over time and determine whether any occupantsin the passenger compartment are moving. As such, the information aboutthe occupancy of the passenger compartment generated by the generatingmeans includes the number of moving and non-moving occupants in thepassenger compartment.

A related method for obtaining and conveying information about occupancyof a passenger compartment of a vehicle comprises the steps of receivingwaves from the passenger compartment, generating information about theoccupancy of the passenger compartment based on the received waves, andtransmitting the information about the occupancy of the passengercompartment whereby response personnel can receive the information aboutthe occupancy of the passenger compartment. Waves may be transmittedinto the passenger compartment whereby the transmitted waves aremodified by passing into and at least partially through the passengercompartment and then received. The information about the occupancy ofthe passenger compartment may be stored in at least one memory unitwhich is subsequently interrogated upon a crash of the vehicle tothereby obtain the information about the occupancy of the passengercompartment. A signal representative of the received waves can begenerated by sensors and analyzed in order to generate the informationabout the state of health of at least one occupant of the passengercompartment and/or to generate the information about the occupancy ofthe passenger compartment (i.e., determine non-reflexive movement and/orbreathing indicating life). Pattern recognition techniques, e.g., atrained neural network, can be applied to analyze the signal and therebyrecognize and identify any occupants of the passenger compartment. Inthis case, the identification of the occupants of the passengercompartment can be included into the information about the occupancy ofthe passenger compartment.

All of the above-described methods and apparatus, as well as thosefurther described below, may be used in conjunction with one another andin combination with the methods and apparatus for optimizing the drivingconditions for the occupants of the vehicle described herein.

Also described above is an embodiment of a component diagnostic systemfor diagnosing the component in accordance with the invention whichcomprises a plurality of sensors not directly associated with thecomponent, i.e., independent therefrom, such that the component does notdirectly affect the sensors, each sensor detecting a signal containinginformation as to whether the component is operating normally orabnormally and outputting a corresponding electrical signal, processormeans coupled to the sensors for receiving and processing the electricalsignals and for determining if the component is operating abnormallybased on the electrical signals, and output means coupled to theprocessor means for affecting another system within the vehicle if thecomponent is operating abnormally. The processor means preferablycomprise pattern recognition means such as a trained pattern recognitionalgorithm, a neural network, modular neural networks, an ensemble ofneural networks, a cellular neural network, or a support vector machine.In some cases, fuzzy logic will be used which can be combined with aneural network to form a neural fuzzy algorithm. The another system maybe a display for indicating the abnormal state of operation of thecomponent arranged in a position in the vehicle to enable a driver ofthe vehicle to view the display and thus the indicated abnormaloperation of the component. At least one source of additionalinformation, e.g., the time and date, may be provided and input meanscoupled to the vehicle for inputting the additional information into theprocessor means. The another system may also be a warning deviceincluding transmission means for transmitting information related to thecomponent abnormal operating state to a site remote from the vehicle,e.g., a vehicle repair facility.

In another embodiment of the component diagnostic system discussedabove, at least one sensor detects a signal containing information as towhether the component is operating normally or abnormally and outputs acorresponding electrical signal. A processor or other computing deviceis coupled to the sensor(s) for receiving and processing the electricalsignal(s) and for determining if the component is operating abnormallybased thereon. The processor preferably comprises or embodies a patternrecognition algorithm for analyzing a pattern within the signal detectedby each sensor. An output device (or multiple output devices) is coupledto the processor for affecting another system within the vehicle if thecomponent is operating abnormally. The other system may be a display asmentioned above or a warning device.

A method for automatically monitoring one or more components of avehicle during operation of the vehicle on a roadway entails, asdiscussed above, the steps of monitoring operation of the component inorder to detect abnormal operation of the component, e.g., in one or theways described above, and if abnormal operation of the component isdetected, automatically directing the vehicle off of the restrictedroadway. For example, in order to automatically direct the vehicle offof the restricted roadway, a signal representative of the abnormaloperation of the component may be generated and directed to a guidancesystem of the vehicle that guides the movement of the vehicle. Possiblythe directing the vehicle off of the restricted roadway may entailapplying satellite positioning techniques or ground-based positioningtechniques to enable the current position of the vehicle to bedetermined and a location off of the restricted highway to be determinedand thus a path for the movement of the vehicle. Re-entry of the vehicleonto the restricted roadway may be prevented until the abnormaloperation of the component is satisfactorily addressed.

Although several preferred embodiments are illustrated and describedabove, there are possible combinations using other signals and sensorsfor the components and different forms of the neural networkimplementation or different pattern recognition technologies thatperform the same functions which can be utilized in accordance with theinvention. Also, although the neural network and modular neural networkshave been described as an example of one means of pattern recognition,other pattern recognition means exist and still others are beingdeveloped which can be used to identify potential component failures bycomparing the operation of a component over time with patternscharacteristic of normal and abnormal component operation. In addition,with the pattern recognition system described above, the input data tothe system may be data which has been pre-processed rather than the rawsignal data either through a process called “feature extraction” or byvarious mathematical transformations. Also, any of the apparatus andmethods disclosed herein may be used for diagnosing the state ofoperation or a plurality of discrete components.

In other embodiments disclosed above, the state of the entire vehicle isdiagnosed whereby two or more sensors, preferably acceleration sensorsand gyroscopes, detect the state of the vehicle and if the state isabnormal, output means are coupled to the processor means for affectinganother system in the vehicle. The another system may be the steeringcontrol system, the brake system, the accelerator or the frontal or sideoccupant protection system. An exemplifying control system forcontrolling a part of the vehicle in accordance with the invention thuscomprises a plurality of sensor systems mounted at different locationson the vehicle, each sensor system providing a measurement related to astate of the sensor system or a measurement related to a state of themounting location, and a processor coupled to the sensor systems andarranged to diagnose the state of the vehicle based on the measurementsof the sensor system, e.g., by the application of a pattern recognitiontechnique. The processor controls the part based at least in part on thediagnosed state of the vehicle. At least one of the sensor systems maybe a high dynamic range accelerometer or a sensor selected from a groupconsisting of a single axis acceleration sensor, a double axisacceleration sensor, a triaxial acceleration sensor and a gyroscope, andmay optionally include an RFID response unit. The gyroscope may be aMEMS-IDT gyroscope including a surface acoustic wave resonator whichapplies standing waves on a piezoelectric substrate. If an RFID responseunit is present, the control system would then comprise an RFIDinterrogator device which causes the RFID response unit(s) to transmit asignal representative of the measurement of the sensor system associatedtherewith to the processor.

The state of the vehicle diagnosed by the processor may be the vehicle'sangular motion, angular acceleration and/or angular velocity. As such,the steering system, braking system or throttle system may be controlledby the processor in order to maintain the stability of the vehicle. Theprocessor can also be arranged to control an occupant restraint orprotection device in an attempt to minimize injury to an occupant.

The state of the vehicle diagnosed by the processor may also be adetermination of a location of an impact between the vehicle and anotherobject. In this case, the processor can forecast the severity of theimpact using the force/crush properties of the vehicle at the impactlocation and control an occupant restraint or protection device based atleast in part on the severity of the impact.

The system can also include a weight sensing system coupled to a seat inthe vehicle for sensing the weight of an occupying item of the seat. Theweight sensing system is coupled to the processor whereby the processorcontrols deployment or actuation of the occupant restraint or protectiondevice based on the state of the vehicle and the weight of the occupyingitem of the seat sensed by the weight sensing system.

A display may be coupled to the processor for displaying an indicationof the state of the vehicle as diagnosed by the processor. A warningdevice may be coupled to the processor for relaying a warning to anoccupant of the vehicle relating to the state of the vehicle asdiagnosed by the processor. Further, a transmission device may becoupled to the processor for transmitting a signal to a remote siterelating to the state of the vehicle as diagnosed by the processor.

The state of the vehicle diagnosed by the processor may include angularacceleration of the vehicle whereby angular velocity and angularposition or orientation are derivable from the angular acceleration. Theprocessor can then be arranged to control the vehicle's navigationsystem based on the angular acceleration of the vehicle.

A method for controlling a part of the vehicle in accordance with theinvention comprises the step of mounting a plurality of sensor systemsat different locations on the vehicle, measuring a state of the sensorsystem or a state of the respective mounting location of the sensorsystem, diagnosing the state of the vehicle based on the measurements ofthe state of the sensor systems or the state of the mounting locationsof the sensor systems, and controlling the part based at least in parton the diagnosed state of the vehicle. The state of the sensor systemmay be any one or more of the acceleration, angular acceleration,angular velocity or angular orientation of the sensor system. Diagnosisof the state of the vehicle may entail determining whether the vehicleis stable or is about to rollover or skid and/or determining a locationof an impact between the vehicle and another object. Diagnosis of thestate of the vehicle may also entail determining angular acceleration ofthe vehicle based on the acceleration measured by accelerometers ifmultiple accelerometers are present as the sensor systems.

Another control system for controlling a part of the vehicle inaccordance with the invention comprises a plurality of sensor systemsmounted on the vehicle, each providing a measurement of a state of thesensor system or a state of the mounting location of the sensor systemand generating a signal representative of the measurement, and a patternrecognition system for receiving the signals from the sensor systems anddiagnosing the state of the vehicle based on the measurements of thesensor systems. The pattern recognition system generates a controlsignal for controlling the part based at least in part on the diagnosedstate of the vehicle. The pattern recognition system may comprise one ormore neural networks. The features of the control system described abovemay also be incorporated into this control system to the extentfeasible.

The state of the vehicle diagnosed by the pattern recognition system mayinclude a state of an abnormally operating component whereby the patternrecognition system is designed to identify a potentially malfunctioningcomponent based on the state of the component measured by the sensorsystems and determine whether the identified component is operatingabnormally based on the state of the component measured by the sensorsystems.

In one preferred embodiment, the pattern recognition system may comprisea neural network system and the state of the vehicle diagnosed by theneural network system includes a state of an abnormally operatingcomponent. The neural network system includes a first neural network foridentifying a potentially malfunctioning component based on the state ofthe component measured by the sensor systems and a second neural networkfor determining whether the identified component is operating abnormallybased on the state of the component measured by the sensor systems.

Modular neural networks can also be used whereby the neural networksystem includes a first neural network arranged to identify apotentially malfunctioning component based on the state of the componentmeasured by the sensor systems and a plurality of additional neuralnetworks. Each of the additional neural networks is trained to determinewhether a specific component is operating abnormally so that themeasurements of the state of the component from the sensor systems-areinput into that one of the additional neural networks trained on acomponent which is substantially identical to the identified component.

Another method for controlling a part of the vehicle comprises the stepsof mounting a plurality of sensor systems on the vehicle, measuring astate of the sensor system or a state of the respective mountinglocation of the sensor system, generating signals representative of themeasurements of the sensor systems, inputting the signals into a patternrecognition system to obtain a diagnosis of the state of the vehicle andcontrolling the part based at least in part on the diagnosis of thestate of the vehicle.

In one notable embodiment, a potentially malfunctioning component isidentified by the pattern recognition system based on the statesmeasured by the sensor systems and the pattern recognition systemdetermine whether the identified component is operating abnormally basedon the states measured by the sensor systems. If the pattern recognitionsystem comprises a neural network system, identification of thecomponent entails inputting the states measured by the sensor systemsinto a first neural network of the neural network system and thedetermination of whether the identified component is operatingabnormally entails inputting the states measured by the sensor systemsinto a second neural network of the neural network system. A modularneural network system can also be applied in which the states measuredby the sensor systems are input into a first neural network and aplurality of additional neural networks are provided, each being trainedto determine whether a specific component is operating abnormally,whereby the states measured by the sensor systems are input into thatone of the additional neural networks trained on a component which issubstantially identical to the identified component.

Another control system for controlling a part of the vehicle based onoccupancy of the seat in accordance with the invention comprises aplurality of strain gages mounted in connection with the seat, eachmeasuring strain of a respective mounting location caused by occupancyof the seat, and a processor coupled to the strain gages and arranged todetermine the weight of an occupying item based on the strainmeasurements from the strain gages over a period of time, i.e., dynamicmeasurements. The processor controls the part based at least in part onthe determined weight of the occupying item of the seat. The processorcan also determine motion of the occupying item of the seat based on thestrain measurements from the strain gages over the period of time. Oneor more accelerometers may be mounted on the vehicle for measuringacceleration in which case, the processor may control the part based atleast in part on the determined weight of the occupying item of the seatand the acceleration measured by the accelerometer(s). By comparing theoutput of various sensors in the vehicle, it is possible to determineactivities that are affecting parts of the vehicle while not affectingother parts. For example, by monitoring the vertical accelerations ofvarious parts of the vehicle and comparing these accelerations with theoutput of strain gage load cells placed on the seat support structure, acharacterization can be made of the occupancy of the seat. Not only canthe weight of an object occupying the seat be determined, but also thegross motion of such an object can be ascertained and thereby anassessment can be made as to whether the object is a life form such as ahuman being. Strain gage weight sensors are disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/193,209 filed Nov. 17, 1998 (corresponding toInternational Publication No. WO 00/29257), which is incorporated hereinby reference its entirety as if the entire application were set forthherein. In particular, the inventors contemplate the combination of allof the ideas expressed in this patent application with those expressedin the current invention.

Although several preferred embodiments are illustrated and describedabove, there are possible combinations using other geometries, sensors,materials and different dimensions for the components that perform thesame functions. This invention is not limited to the above embodimentsand should be determined by the following claims.

I claim:
 1. A vehicle, comprising: a diagnostic system arranged on thevehicle to diagnose the state of the vehicle or the state of a componentof the vehicle and generate an output indicative or representativethereof; and a communications device coupled to said diagnostic systemand arranged to automatically establish a communications channel betweenthe vehicle and a remote facility without manual intervention andwirelessly transmit the output of said diagnostic system to the remotefacility.
 2. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein said diagnostic systemcomprises a plurality of vehicle sensors mounted on the vehicle, each ofsaid sensors providing a measurement related to a state of said sensoror a measurement related to a state of the mounting location and aprocessor coupled to said sensors and arranged to receive data from saidsensors and process the data to generate the output indicative orrepresentative of the state of the vehicle or the state of a componentof the vehicle.
 3. The vehicle of claim 2, wherein said sensors arewirelessly coupled to said processor.
 4. The vehicle of claim 2, whereinsaid processor embodies a pattern recognition algorithm trained togenerate the output from the data received from said sensors.
 5. Thevehicle of claim 1, further comprising a display arranged in the vehiclein a position to be visible from the passenger compartment, said displaybeing coupled to said diagnostic system and arranged to display thediagnosis of the state of the vehicle or the state of a component of thevehicle.
 6. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein said communications devicecomprises a cellular telephone system including an antenna.
 7. Thevehicle of claim 1, further comprising an occupant sensing systemarranged to determine at least one property or characteristic ofoccupancy of the vehicle, said communications device being coupled tosaid occupant sensing system and arranged to transmit the determinedproperty or characteristic of occupancy of the vehicle to the remotefacility.
 8. The vehicle of claim 1, further comprising at least oneenvironment sensor each sensing a state of the environment around thevehicle, said communications device being coupled to said at least oneenvironment sensor and being arranged to transmit the sensed state ofthe environment around the vehicle to the remote facility.
 9. Thevehicle of claim 1, further comprising a memory unit coupled to saiddiagnostic system and said communications device, said memory unit beingarranged to receive the diagnosis of the state of the vehicle or thestate of a component of the vehicle from said diagnostic system andstore the diagnosis, said communications device being arranged tointerrogate said memory unit to obtain the stored diagnosis to enabletransmission thereof.
 10. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein saiddiagnostic system comprises a plurality of sensors mounted at differentlocations on the vehicle, each of said sensors providing a measurementrelated to a state of said sensor or a measurement related to a state ofthe mounting location and a processor coupled to said sensor systems andarranged to diagnose the state of the vehicle or the state of thecomponent of the vehicle based on the measurements of said sensors. 11.The vehicle of claim 10, wherein at least one of said sensors is asensor selected from a group consisting of a single axis accelerationsensor, a double axis acceleration sensor, a triaxial accelerationsensor and a gyroscope.
 12. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein at leastone of said sensors includes an RFID response unit, further comprisingat least one RFID interrogator device, said at least one interrogatordevice causing said RFID response unit of said at least one sensor totransmit a signal representative of the measurement of said at least onesensor to said processor.
 13. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein at leastone of said sensors includes a SAW sensor arranged to receive a signaland return a signal modified by virtue of the state of said SAW sensoror the state of the mounting location of said SAW sensor.
 14. Thevehicle of claim 13, wherein said SAW sensor is arranged to measure atleast one of temperature and pressure.
 15. The vehicle of claim 13,wherein said SAW sensor is arranged to measure at least one of thepresence and concentration of a chemical.
 16. The vehicle of claim 1,wherein the state of the vehicle diagnosed by said diagnostic systemincludes angular motion of the vehicle.
 17. The vehicle of claim 2,wherein said processor is arranged to control at least one part of thevehicle based on the output indicative or representative of the state ofthe vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle.
 18. The vehicleof claim 1, further comprising a warning device coupled to saiddiagnostic system for relaying a warning to an occupant of the vehiclerelating to the state of the vehicle or the state of the component ofthe vehicle as diagnosed by said diagnostic system.
 19. The vehicle ofclaim 1, further comprising a location determining system fordetermining the location of the vehicle, said communications devicebeing coupled to said location determining system and arranged totransmit the determined location of the vehicle to the remote facility.20. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein said location determining systemuses GPS technology.
 21. A method for monitoring a vehicle, comprisingthe steps of: diagnosing the state of the vehicle or the state of acomponent of the vehicle by means of a diagnostic system arranged on thevehicle; generating an output indicative or representative of thediagnosed state of the vehicle or the diagnosed state of the componentof the vehicle; and transmitting the output indicative or representativeof the diagnosed state of the vehicle or the diagnosed state of thecomponent of the vehicle from the vehicle to a remote location.
 22. Thevehicle of claim 21, wherein the step of transmitting the output to aremote location comprises the step of arranging a communications devicecomprising a cellular telephone system including an antenna on thevehicle.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the state of the vehicle orthe state of the component of the vehicle is diagnosed by a processorembodying a pattern recognition algorithm.
 24. The method of claim 21,wherein the step of diagnosing the state of the vehicle comprises thestep of determining whether the vehicle is stable or is about torollover or skid.
 25. The method of claim 21, wherein the step ofdiagnosing the state of the vehicle comprises the step of determining alocation of an impact between the vehicle and another object.
 26. Themethod of claim 21, further comprising the steps of: arranging a displayin the vehicle in a position to be visible from the passengercompartment; and displaying the state of the vehicle or the state of acomponent of the vehicle on the display.
 27. The method of claim 21,further comprising the step of relaying a warning to an occupant of thevehicle relating to the state of the vehicle.
 28. The method of claim21, further comprising the steps of: determining at least one propertyor characteristic of occupancy of the vehicle; and transmitting thedetermined property or characteristic of occupancy of the vehicle to aremote location.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the step ofdetermining at least one property or characteristic of occupancy of thevehicle comprises the step of determining the number of occupants in thepassenger compartment.
 30. The method of claim 21, further comprisingthe steps of: sensing a state of the environment around the vehicle; andtransmitting information about the environment of the vehicle to aremote location.
 31. The method of claim 21, further comprising thesteps of: providing a memory unit in the vehicle to receive thediagnosis of the state of the vehicle or the state of the component ofthe vehicle and store the diagnosis; and interrogating the memory unitto obtain the stored diagnosis to enable transmission thereof.
 32. Themethod of claim 21, wherein the step of diagnosing the state of thevehicle or the state of the component of the vehicle comprises the stepsof mounting a plurality of sensors on the vehicle, measuring a state ofeach sensor or a state of the mounting location of each sensor anddiagnosing the state of the vehicle or the state of a component of thevehicle based on the measurements of the state of the sensors or thestate of the mounting locations of the sensors.
 33. The method of claim32, wherein the state of the vehicle or the state of the component ofthe vehicle is diagnosed by a processor, further comprising the step ofwirelessly coupling the sensors to the processor.
 34. The method ofclaim 21, wherein the state of the vehicle is diagnosed by a processor,further comprising the steps of: providing at least one of the sensorswith an RFID response unit; mounting at least one RFID interrogatordevice on the vehicle; and transmitting signals via the at least oneRFID interrogator device to cause the RFID response units of the atleast one sensor to transmit a signal representative of the measurementsof the at least one sensor to the processor.
 35. The method of claim 21,wherein the state of the vehicle is diagnosed by a processor, furthercomprising the step of providing at least one of the sensors as a SAWsensor capable of receiving a signal and returning a signal modified byvirtue of the state of the SAW sensor or the state of the mountinglocation of the SAW sensor.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the SAWsensor is arranged to measure at least one of temperature and pressure.37. The method of claim 35, wherein the SAW sensor is arranged tomeasure at least one of concentration and presence of a chemical. 38.The method of claim 21, wherein the step of transmitting the output to aremote location comprises the step of transmitting the output to asatellite for transmission from the satellite to the remote location.39. The method of claim 21, wherein the step of transmitting the outputto a remote location comprises the step of transmitting the output viathe Internet to a web site or host computer associated with the remotelocation.
 40. The method of claim 21, further comprising the steps of:determining the location of the vehicle; and transmitting the determinedlocation of the vehicle to the remote location in conjunction with theoutput.
 41. A vehicle, comprising: a diagnostic system arranged on thevehicle to diagnose the state of the vehicle or the state of a componentof the vehicle and generate an output indicative or representativethereof; and a communications device coupled to said diagnostic systemand arranged to transmit the output of said diagnostic system, saidcommunications device including a transmitter for transmitting a signalrepresentative of the output of said diagnostic system to a satellitefor transmission from the satellite to a remote site.
 42. The vehicle ofclaim 41, wherein said diagnostic system comprises a plurality ofvehicle sensors mounted on the vehicle, each of said sensors providing ameasurement related to a state of said sensor or a measurement relatedto a state of the mounting location and a processor coupled to saidsensors and arranged to receive data from said sensors and process thedata to generate the output indicative or representative of the state ofthe vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle.
 43. The vehicleof claim 42, wherein said sensors are wirelessly coupled to saidprocessor.
 44. The vehicle of claim 42, wherein said processor embodiesa pattern recognition algorithm trained to generate the output from thedata received from said sensors.
 45. The vehicle of claim 41, furthercomprising a display arranged in the vehicle in a position to be visiblefrom the passenger compartment, said display being coupled to saiddiagnostic system and arranged to display the diagnosis of the state ofthe vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle.
 46. The vehicleof claim 41, further comprising an occupant sensing system arranged todetermine at least one property or characteristic of occupancy of thevehicle, said communications device being coupled to said occupantsensing system and arranged to transmit the determined property orcharacteristic of occupancy of the vehicle.
 47. The vehicle of claim 41,further comprising at least one environment sensor each sensing a stateof the environment around the vehicle, said communications device beingcoupled to said at least one environment sensor and being arranged totransmit the sensed state of the environment around the vehicle.
 48. Thevehicle of claim 41, further comprising a memory unit coupled to saiddiagnostic system and said communications device, said memory unit beingarranged to receive the diagnosis of the state of the vehicle or thestate of a component of the vehicle from said diagnostic system andstore the diagnosis, said communications device being arranged tointerrogate said memory unit to obtain the stored diagnosis to enabletransmission thereof.
 49. The vehicle of claim 41, wherein saiddiagnostic system comprises a plurality of sensors mounted at differentlocations on the vehicle, each of said sensors providing a measurementrelated to a state of said sensor or a measurement related to a state ofthe mounting location and a processor coupled to said sensor systems andarranged to diagnose the state of the vehicle or the state of thecomponent of the vehicle based on the measurements of said sensors. 50.The vehicle of claim 49, wherein at least one of said sensors is asensor selected from a group consisting of a single axis accelerationsensor, a double axis acceleration sensor, a triaxial accelerationsensor and a gyroscope.
 51. The vehicle of claim 49, wherein at leastone of said sensors includes an RFID response unit, further comprisingat least one RFID interrogator device, said at least one interrogatordevice causing said RFID response units of said at least one sensor totransmit a signal representative of the measurement of said at least onesensor to said processor.
 52. The vehicle of claim 49, wherein at leastone of said sensors includes a SAW sensor arranged to receive a signaland return a signal modified by virtue of the state of said SAW sensoror the state of the mounting location of said SAW sensor.
 53. Thevehicle of claim 41, wherein the state of the vehicle diagnosed by saiddiagnostic system includes angular motion of the vehicle.
 54. Thevehicle of claim 49, wherein said processor is arranged to control atleast one part of the vehicle based on the output indicative orrepresentative of the state of the vehicle or the state of a componentof the vehicle.
 55. The vehicle of claim 41, further comprising awarning device coupled to said diagnostic system for relaying a warningto an occupant of the vehicle relating to the state of the vehicle orthe state of the component of the vehicle as diagnosed by saiddiagnostic system.
 56. The vehicle of claim 41, further comprising alocation determining system for determining the location of the vehicle,said communications device being coupled to said location determiningsystem and arranged to transmit the determined location of the vehicle.57. A vehicle, comprising: a diagnostic system arranged to diagnose thestate of the vehicle or the state of a component of the vehicle andgenerate an output indicative or representative thereof, said diagnosticsystem comprising a plurality of sensors mounted at different locationson the vehicle, each of said sensors providing a measurement related toa state of said sensor or a measurement related to a state of themounting location and a processor coupled to said sensor systems andarranged to diagnose the state of the vehicle or the state of thecomponent of the vehicle based on the measurements of said sensors, atleast one of said sensors including an RFID response unit; acommunications device coupled to said diagnostic system and arranged totransmit the output of said diagnostic system; and at least one RFIDinterrogator device, said at least one interrogator device causing saidRFID response unit of said at least one sensor to transmit a signalrepresentative of the measurement of said at least one sensor to saidprocessor.
 58. A vehicle, comprising: a diagnostic system arranged todiagnose the state of the vehicle or the state of a component of thevehicle and generate an output indicative or representative thereof,said diagnostic system comprising a plurality of sensors mounted atdifferent locations on the vehicle, each of said sensors providing ameasurement related to a state of said sensor or a measurement relatedto a state of the mounting location and a processor coupled to saidsensor systems and arranged to diagnose the state of the vehicle or thestate of the component of the vehicle based on the measurements of saidsensors, at least one of said sensors including a SAW sensor arranged toreceive a signal and return a signal modified by virtue of the state ofsaid SAW sensor or the state of the mounting location of said SAWsensor; and a communications device coupled to said diagnostic systemand arranged to transmit the output of said diagnostic system.
 59. Thevehicle of claim 58, wherein said SAW sensor is arranged to measure atleast one of temperature and pressure.
 60. The vehicle of claim 58,wherein said SAW sensor is arranged to measure at least one of thepresence and concentration of a chemical.
 61. The method of claim 21,wherein the step of transmitting the output to the emote facilitycomprises the step of automatically establishing a communicationschannel between the vehicle and the remote facility without manualintervention to thereby enable the output to be transmitted from thevehicle to the remote facility.
 62. The vehicle of claim 41, whereinsaid communications device is arranged to automatically establish acommunications channel between the vehicle and the remote site withoutmanual intervention and transmit the output of said diagnostic system tothe remote site.